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Fungi of the genus Ampelomyces are the major antagonists of Erysiphales fungi being a significant group of phytopathogens. The hyperparasites attack various developmental stages of powdery mildews. As a result the infested ascomata do not reach the stage of maturity, do not form appendages nor ascospores, which is linked with a reduction of the source of primary infections. Studies conducted so far have mainly been devoted to Ampelomyces fungi application in the biological control of powdery mildews on crops, whilst a few only have been focused on the ecology of these mycoparasites on Erysiphales fungi infecting plants, especially in the urban environment. The present study addresses the natural occurrence and effect of Ampelomyces fungi on the development of ascomata of powdery mildews species. The material was collected in 2005–2009 in several cities of the northeastern Poland. First time ever Ampelomyces spores are reported in mature ascomata of Erysiphales with fully developed appendages. This phenomenon has been observed in the case of two species, viz.: Erysiphe flexuosa on Aesculus spp. and E. vanbruntiana var. sambuci-racemosae on Sambucus racemosa and is presumably linked with improved implementation, propagation and probably better survival during winter months.
The studies refer to the phenomenon of hyperparasitism in the municipal environment. The paper presents the occurrence of fungi of the genus Ampelomyces on Erysiphales – important group of phytopathogenic fungi. For the first time in Poland analyzed degree of infestation of Erysiphales mycelium by Ampelomyces and effect of the hyperparsites on the degree of infestation plants by Erysiphales. The high participation of the Ampelomyces was noted in each year of the study. Substantial differences were noted in the occurrence of Ampelomyces depending on the developmental stage of the host fungi and considerable differences in the prevalence of the hyperparasites on particular Erysiphales species. In all cases examined, the mean index of infestation of host plants by Erysiphales was higher than the mean degree of infestation of powdery mildew mycelium by Ampelomyces. The results indicate that under natural conditions they do not play any significant role in the reduction of the degree of infestation of host plants by Erysiphales and do not disturb drastically their life cycle.
In the years 2006–2008, the occurrence of hyperparasites on rust of thickle plants growing in Drawsko and Szczecinek eutrophic lakes was investigated. Four species of hyperparasites of rust fungi were identified during the research. These were Ramularia coleosporii, R. uredinis, Sphaerellopsis filum and Tuberculina persicina. Hyperparasites of rust fungi were identified in eutrophic lakes Dolne and Wąsosze.
In 2006–2008, studies on occurrence of hyperparasites of Erysiphales pathogenic fungi to both cultivated and wild grown plants were carried out in the Lakeland of Bobolice. As a result of performed studies, 17 species of Erysiphales and 4 hyperparasite taxons were identified. The most commonly occurring hyperparasites were: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp., and they did not show any preference in relation to a host fungus species. However, the species Ampelomyces quisqualis showed a narrow range of host fungi, and was only identified on 8 species of Erysiphales. The most common host species fungus was Erysiphe cichoracearum, and A. quisqualis was found to parasite mycelium, conidia and occasionally young cleistothecia.
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