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The study examined the effect of variation in hydrology on seedling recruitment of shrubs, trees and herbs in peat bogs. The establishment of plants and hydrologic conditions were followed in two peatlands in the Polesie Zachodnie region, Eastern Poland. Meteorological conditions in the study sites ranged from very dry (2006) to very wet (2007) and strongly affected ground water level in the bogs. The emergence of woody species typical for advanced vegetation succession was higher in forest-bog, while the recruitment of typical peat bog plants was higher in open bog. Disturbance in the vegetation positively influencedemergence of typical peat bog species and Betula pubescens, but the effect was only foundin the dry year. Only in Pinus sylvestris did recruitment increase in wet seasons. The results suggested that an increase in the number of woody species in peat bogs may be enhanced during relatively wet seasons and that disturbance in the vegetation cover are not required for seedling recruitment of these plants.
Grasslands in the Kulawa river valley (ca. 10 ha) were subject to land improvement in the 19th century, and remnants of the hydrotechnical system and overgrown ditches are still present. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the present meadow ecosystems; (2) predict their changes under the influence of the planned restoration of the hydrotechnical system and (3) compare results of various methods: phytoindication, phytosociological, floristic, and principal component analysis. The applied methods complemented one another. The devastation of the hydrotechnical system and the lack of utilization of the grasslands have led to either drying or waterlogging of the soil, and to changes in vegetation. The plant communities that have developed there represent the intermediate stage of regressive succession, and belong to the orders Arrhenatheretalia, Molinietalia, and the class Phragmitetea. Particularly the patches growing on relatively dry, strongly decomposed peaty soil have lost the characteristics of damp meadows. Meadow species have declined there, and nitrophilous species have replaced them. Only a local depression without outflow, which was earlier drained, is now waterlogged again, with a mosaic of calcareous fen, meadow, and marsh vegetation, including large populations of 11 species that are rare, protected, or listed as indicator species for the Natura 2000 habitat 7210*. Results of this study indicate that the present conditions in the waterlogged depression should be preserved. In contrast, the dry patches should be irrigated and subject to extensive farming.
The hydrological conditions, suspended matter concentrations and vertical par- ticulate matter flux were measured as the River Vistula flood wave (maximum discharge) was flowing into the southern part of the Gulf of Gdańsk on 26 May 2010. Extending offshore for several tens of kilometres, the river plume was well stratified, with the upper layer flowing away from the shore and the near-bottom water coastwards.
The main aim of the paper is to present general information about hydro-meteorological conditions in the catchment of the Łebsko Lake. In the first part of the article a short description of the most important hydrographic elements of the investigated area (the Łebsko Lake, the Łeba River and its tributaries) was provided. The climatic analysis of local conditions, besides the characteristics of the air temperature and precipitation, contains the distribution of other principal meteorological elements (pressure, wind, cloud cover or relative humidity). The paper is a part of broader studies aimed at finding the key factors determining seasonal and annual changes of water relations in the catchment of the Łebsko Lake.
In the southern Kiskunság the natural vegetation (sand steppe, fen meadow, fen or marsh and alkali vegetation) survived in the dune slack meadows (DSM). The vegetation of these meadows are species rich, and has high natural value. The main goal of this study is to reveal the hydrological backgrounds in order to help conservation of the natural values. Two DSM was investigated (MM and CS site): vegetation was sampled, observation wells were planted, and data of other wells in similar position were used to describe the hydrological background of the vegetation. The characteristic groundwater level of the same vegetation type in the relatively wet 2005 year was higher in MM site, than in the CS site. We suppose, that this is a consequence of the earlier vegetation change because of the strong decrease of groundwater level in the region of MM site. The model of hydraulic fl ow system showed that the DSMs are situated in hydraulic discharge zones. We suppose, that an upward fl ow plays an important role in development of alkali vegetation in the CS site. Cross-correlation coeffi cient between groundwater and previous precipitation indicated a quick infi ltration of rainwater into the soil, and a pressure front of the groundwater stream reaching the area of well after 22–23 days after rainfall. The quick and strong regional hydrological changes, especially the decrease of groundwater level would endanger this valuable vegetation, but certain resistance and plasticity of it is rather possible.
Strong and long-lasting human activity in most European lowland river valleys results in narrowing the area of inudated ecosystems from wide floodplains to the space between embankments. This concerns especially regulation and drainage works, as well as hydrotechnical infrastructure construciton. The Warta Mouth National Park is a suitable region for inudated habitats research – over 5000 hectars of flood reservoir gathers here excess of water every year. It is one of the biggest flooded area in this part of Europe. The aim of this study was the analysis of flora changes over the dozen of years. The two inudated surfaces, different in respect of land use, were compared. Results indicate significant influence of land use on flora composition.
This paper presents the results of an attempt to reproduce, with the aid of a numerical circulation model, the hydrological conditions observed in the coastal area of the southern Baltic in September 1989. A large fall in surface layer seawater temperature was recorded in September 1989 at two coastal stations in the vicinity of Kołobrzeg and Władysławowo. This upwelling-like phenomenon was assumed to be related to the specific anemobaric situation in September 1989, however typical of this phenomenon to occur along the Polish Baltic coast (Malicki & Miętus 1994). A three-dimensional (3-D) σ-coordinate baroclinic model of the Baltic Sea, with a horizontal resolution of ∼5 km and 24 sigma-levels in the vertical, was applied to investigate water circulation and thermohaline variability. Hindcast numerical simulation showed that the model provided a good reproduction of the temporal history of the surface seawater temperature and the duration of the upwelling-like fall, but that the model results were underestimated. The maxima of this large fall in the surface layer temperature at both coastal stations are closely related to the phase of change of the upwelling-favourable wind direction to the opposite one. The results of simulation runs showed details of upwelling development due to wind field fluctuations in time and differences in shaping the temperature and current patterns in conjunction with the variations in topography and coastline features in some areas along the Polish coast. Two different hydrodynamic regimes of water movements along the coast resulting from topographical features (the Słupsk Bank) can be distinguished. From the model simulation the specific conditions for the occurrence and development of upwelling at the eastern end of the Polish coast (in the vicinity of Władysławowo) can be deduced.
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