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Despite the permanent development of laboratory techniques, various types of adulterations are still a problem in the food industry. An important group among different frauds is adulterations connected with meat species authenticity. Uncovering of adulterated meat products is important inter alia for allergic individuals, for those who can’t intake certain species because of religious beliefs, and for maintaining fair-trade. More subtle techniques used for the mentioned adulterations generate a need for the elaboration of better analytical methods to provide effective control of meat and meat products. The aim of this review is to present currently used laboratory methods applied for meat species identification and detection of adulterations in the declared composition of meat products. The first group of the described methods enables identification and analysis of proteins and the second presented group contains techniques of DNA analysis. Apart from their short characteristics, some disadvantages and potential problems found during work with certain methods are described.
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that causes a disease known as listeriosis, which is especially dangerous for pregnant women. Infection with L. monocytogenes may also result in stillbirths, abortions and premature deliveries, as well as meningitis, septicaemia, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis. Conventional detection methods of these bacteria are time-consuming; therefore, rapid alternative methods, including those based on molecular tests are needed. PCR is sensitive and specific; however, it requires the use of an agarose gel, which increases the time of analysis. A technique that allows the elimination of this step is real-time PCR, which enables the quantitative determination of L. monocytogenes in foods. A modification of PCR is multiplex PCR that allows detection of several genes at the same time and distinguishes between different species of microorganisms. Techniques such as RT-PCR or NASBA, where the target molecule is RNA, are used to detect viable cells and also allow quantitative analyses to be performed. Another rapid and specific method is LAMP, which can be performed in one hour in a water bath or heating block, without the use of a thermocycler. Biosensors and microarrays are examples of new technologies that due to the possibility to use anywhere and immediate interpretation of the results can be routinely used in the future for identification of L. monocytogenes in food.
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