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In the early July, a hurricane swept through the north-east Poland inflicting damage to Kurpiowska Forest, Piska Forest and Borecka Forest and some areas of the Romnicka and Augustowska Forests at a scale unprecedented in the history of Polish forestry. The damage occurred on the total area of 33 000 hectares and 17 000 hectares were totally devastated. About 3 million cubic meters of timber has to be managed, and some 1,5 mln m² needs to be disposed of and managed to avoid decay and proliferation of insect able to decimate woodlands. Nature reserves will be created on some of the devastated areas and woodland will be allowed to recover without management. This will allow to study a range of issues related to forest management.
On the basis of the wind damage risk model for forests using the data of the State Forests Information System, the stand damage risk factor Wr for each of the 430 forest districts in Poland and the threat measure Ms for a given forest district were determined. The measure of threat to forest Ms for a forest district is a methodical basis for assessing the potential damage to forests in Poland. Its value ranges from 8.1% for the Brzózka Forest District to 48.9% for the Ujsoły Forest District (fig. 1), giving the average value of 24.6% and standard deviation of 7.03%. The measure Ms was the basis for differentiating the levels of threat of wind damage to forest for forest districts. Level 1 (Ms 10%) indicates low threat, level 2 (10%Ms 20%) – elevated threat, level 3 (20%Ms 30%) – moderate threat, level 4 (30%Ms 40%) – high threat, level 5 (Ms 40%) – very high threat. Low threat to forests was found only in two forest districts located in the western part of the country. 113 forest districts, which form large concentrations particularly in western and central Poland, are exposed to an elevated threat. Most forest districts (233) are classified to a group of moderate threat. They are located across the country and are mostly concentrated in the northern and southern regions of Poland. 71 forest districts exposed to high threat are concentrated in the south of Poland in the Carpathians and the Sudetes, with scattered presence in the north of the country. Most of the 11 forest districts with a very high threat to forests are located in the mountains (tab., fig. 1). For the forest districts with a particularly high and very high threat, new silvicultural procedures and the basis for decision making in the field of forest management should be developed to reduce the risk of damage to forest.
Meteorological data collected by the author at Arctowski station from March to December 2008 revealed 72 days with hurricane winds in the Admiralty Bay. The results were compared with synoptic maps, wind data from Ferraz station and older data from Arctowski station. Winds in September 2008 reached the highest velocities (mean 32.0 m·s–1, gusts 80 m·s–1) ever measured in Admiralty Bay. 49% events of hurricane winds occurred while cold fronts were passing. Topography of King George Island affects winds distribution inside the bay. Hurricane winds accelerate ablation of glaciers on King George Island and cause serious problems for fi eldwork and maintaining of research stations in Antarctica.
Sylwan
|
1995
|
tom 139
|
nr 07
51-60
The paper assesses the performance of the risk models of the wind damage to the mountain forest stands located in the Tatra National Park (southern Poland). The models assume that the forest susceptibility to the damage from the wind depends on the characteristics of stands, their location and frequency of the occurrence of damage in the past. According to the methodology we built 5 variants of models, which take into account the following attributes: various stand features, forest type, regional factor of the damage to the the trees, thickness scrap, subversive and deadwood from the stand in the last 10 years, characteristics of the terrain: exhibition, slope inclination and altitude above sea level. The model output is a classification of the stand susceptibility to the wind damage expressed by a number between 0 and 3 (0.5 interval). The suitability of each variant was tested by comparing the in−class rate as well as the area and growing stock of undamaged and damaged stands. In this study we rated 2908 stands with a total area of 15,386.05 ha. Taking into account the risk class, it is possible to develop the appropriate procedures in order to limit the damage. The analysis conducted for the forests of the Tatra National Park showed high compliance of the developed risk models with the damages arising by the wind. This is confirmed by a particularly high proportion of damaged forest stands included in the class of high risk. Their fraction ranged from 43.8% (WR1) to 92.4% (WR5). Considering the position and stands characteristics the greatest damage arose at an altitude of 950 to 1000 m (70.2%) and the exposures NW, N and NE (60.2%).
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