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The spectrum of biological rhythms exhibits characteristic principles of biological time structure which also rule the functional behaviour. With increasing period lengths the rhythms become increasingly complex. In the long-wave section the rhythmic functions find their corresponding cycles in the environment, whereas the shorter waves respresent only endogenous autonomous rhythms, which maintain an internal time order by means of frequency- and phase-coordination. Under resting conditions and in a state of complete adaptation only a few spontaneous rhythms dominate in the spectrum. However, under loading conditions as well as in pathological situations further periodicities come up. The spectrum of rhythms can be divided into certain blocks, with the period lenghts predominating in each of these whole number frequency ratios forming a harmonic system. Frequency- and phase coordination establish a system of co-action which favours the functional economy of the organism. A tripartite organization of the autonomous rhythms involves different functional behaviours with regard to frequency, amplitude, and phase. Slower rhythms act upon the faster rhythms preferably by modulating their frequencies, while changes of the faster rhythms influence the slower ones by enhancing their amplitudes, multiplying their period lengths and shifting their phases. In principle the reactions of living systems are periodically structured. Reactive periodicity brings to appearance an endogenous time structure, which prefers whole number relationships with the spontaneous rhythms. The phase position of reactive periods depends on the stimulus. The amplitudes dampen down with increasing compensation. From the medical point of view so-called circaseptan (about 7 days) reactive periods are of predominant interest. This periodicity can be observed in numerous adaptive and compensating processes. It does not depend on the external week cycle and was already known to the antiquity.
In this paper some of the more important properties of aerosols and their influence on the human organism are described. Sample results of measurements of the pollution with airborne particulate matter, conducted in Lublin (March and April 1999) and Kozlowka (June 1999) are presented. Measurements of the imission of airborne particulate matter were carried out with a GRIMM 1.105 apparatus for two chosen fractions of solid phase dispersion, i.e. PM10 (solid phase radius is smaller or equal to 10 mum) and AP (radius of solid phase particles which are easily deposited in alveoli. See Figure 1).
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In this necessarily short review several physiological mechanisms influencing daily food intake have been presented. In the postabsorptive state the feeling of hunger is developing in our central nervous system, what stimulates the voluntary food intake. As it has been mentioned, all information coming to the hypothalamus from the digestive tract on the filling of the stomach and intestine and from the blood on the concentration of several metabolites, hormones and neurotransmitters, are integrated and coordinated there and adequate stimuli are going out for stopping the eating; some postprandial state characterizing the satiation is developing then. If the food intake is slightly higher than the daily energy expenditure, the metabolic rate is accelerated and heat losses from the body are augmented, what is possible by the stimulation of oxidation processes in the brown adipose tissue. As a result of an integration of all these mechanisms, the body weight of an adult man can be maintained at the same level during many years.
The human body is composed of 1014 cells, of which only 10% of them belong to the human host itself: the remaining 90% are microorganisms. Commensal microorganisms are necessary for the proper functioning of the human body and covers an area that could potentially become sites of adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms, it thus represents a form of competition for potential pathogens. The coexistence of fungi and bacteria in cases of systemic infections is a significant diagnostic and therapeutic problem, and the human immune system reacts differently, depending on the pathogen. Numerous publications exist concerning the relationship between microorganisms belonging to different ecological groups, the majority of which concern the interaction between macro-organisms and potential pathogens, or the synergistic relationship between parasitic species. However, there is still too little information concerning the role of natural microbiota in maintaining homeostasis and the relationships between particular species inhabiting the human organism.
In everyday life human organism is subjected to ionizing radiation coming from natural and artificial sources, including medical diagnostics and therapy. However, contrary to popular beliefs the highest average exposition is due to natural sources. The artificial non-medical sources of ionizing radiation include radioactive materials used in industry and radioactive fallout. Natural exposition comes from internal sources (radioactive elements in the body) and external ones, such as primary and secondary cosmic radiation as well as terrestrial radiation. Therefore it was found that exposure to ionizing radiation coming from sources other than medical amounts to 85% of the total average exposure.
The main role of iron is being part of haemoglobin, whose level it stabilizes; however, iron also plays a very important role in immunological processes and the metabolism of the organism. Hepcidin is a peptide hormone. It was first isolated from human blood and urine, and its release was attributed to the liver. A failure to produce hepcidin is related to iron overload, while its excessive production to anaemia caused by iron deficit. The releasing of hepcidin also affects hypoxia and inflammation through inhibiting these processes in patients with haemochromatosis. There are three forms of the regulation of the iron level: the first is a regulation in cellular storages, the second is erythropoiesis and the third is a dietary regulator. Hepcidin was identified as a regulator which communicates the level of iron reserves in the organism to intestine cells responsible for the absorption of iron. In inflammatory conditions, when the organism wishes to cause alimentary iron deficit, hepcidin production increases even a hundred fold, thus leading to anaemia. Hepcidin is also a stimulator of inflammation as an antibacterial factor produced in the liver parenchyma. It decreases the absorption of iron in the intestines and increases the secretion of iron to the reticuloendothelial system. Experiments on animals deprived of hepcidin and animals with its excess make it possible to understand iron homeostasis and confirm the role of hepcidin as a hormone regulating iron metabolism.
Decontamination effectiveness of ammonium-ferric(lll)-hexacyanoferrate(II) (AFCF) in reducing the radiocaesium transfer into dairy goat milk was examined. The most effective reduction of radioactivity burden in milk was found in animals treated with AFCF as early as the first day of radionuclide contamination. Milk radioactivity concentrations in goats treated simultaneously with ¹³⁷CsCI and hexacyanoferrate were over 10-fold lower than those in the controls at all measurement time points. Decontamination efficiency was reduced when AFCF treatment was delayed.
The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of ethanol intoxication as well as in vitro effect of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and tBOOH on antioxidant status of erythrocytes and on haematological parameters in rats. It has been shown that ethanol intoxication caused a decrease in SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSSG-R activities and in GSH and vitamin E levels in erythrocytes as well as in RBC count, and HGB and HCT values. These changes were accompanied by an enhanced lipid peroxidation estimated on the basis of MDA level. Green tea administration partially prevented the observed changes. In the in vitro experiment, ethanol and to a higher degree acetaldehyde and tBOOH caused a decrease in the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSSG-R) and in the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, vitamins E and C). All the examined compounds enhanced lipid peroxidation process. However, a green tea due to its antioxidant properties partially protected erythrocytes against ethanol, acetaldehyde, and tBOOH action.
Many people spend about 80% of their free time practicing sports, including skiing, which in many cases can cause changes in the skeletal system, muscular system and other organs. The aim of this article is to discuss the treatment of a 25-year-old man who suffered a compressive fracture of the C6 vertebra with paresis of the ulnar nerve. The treatment used physiotherapy with changing magnetic fields (magnetostimulation, magnetolaserotherapy, kinesitherapy exercises) with good effects. On the basis of the results we discovered that these treatment methods can accelerate the time of treatment and increase quality of life.
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Human organism, constantly exposed to a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms and their products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), developed innate immunity as a fi rst line of defence. One of the compartments of our organism well equipped with these defence mechanisms is the respiratory system. The cells lining the airways respond to the presence of virulent microorganisms by producing natural antimicrobial peptides, including the only member of the cathelicidins family found to date in humans, peptide LL-37. LL-37 is a small peptide of 37 amino acid residues. The peptide, in addition to its bactericidal effect, plays numerous roles in infl ammatory and tissue remodelling processes. It stimulates angiogenesis, induces proliferation of lung epithelial cells, accelerates wound closure of the airway epithelium, and provokes cytokine release (e.g. IL-8) and cell migration. LL-37 is also able to neutralize LPS, a heteropolymer associated with organic dust, produced by Gram-negative bacteria. LPS (commonly referred to as endotoxin) plays an important role in pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases caused by organic dust, including organic dust toxic syndrome and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma or allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis). LPS is a strong pro-infl ammatory stimulus, inducing in respiratory airways expression of antimicrobial peptides, including LL-37, which is in turn a potent LPS-neutralizing factor. The article discusses the complex interplay between endotoxin and the LPS-neutralizing, pleiotropic peptide LL-37 in pathogenic mechanisms of lung diseases, with regard to closer perspectives of using LL-37 and its derivatives as therapeutic agents.
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