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The effect of a housing system on production results and slaughter analysis of slow-growing chickens. The study covered 720 Cobb x Zielononóżka kuropatwiana (Cobb x Zk) chickens reared until the 63rd day of life. On the day of introduction to a hen house, the chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group (reared indoors – ID, 360 birds) and an experimental group (reared with outdoor access – OD, 360 birds), with 5 replications in each group (72 birds). The differentiating factor in the study was the possibility of using grassy free ranges up to the 28th day of life in the OD group. Individual body weight, feed intake and mortality rate were monitored throughout the production period. On day 63, 20 birds were selected at random from each group for slaughter (10 cocks and 10 hens, 2 from each replication). The selected birds had body weights similar to the average body weight for a given sex in a group. In total, 40 carcasses were dissected. The study demonstrated a significant (P≤0.05) effect of the access to a free range on the final body weight of hens. The housing system affected also the mortality rate of Cobb x Zk chickens. The birds having the access to the free range were characterized by a significantly (P≤0.01) lower mortality rate (0.55%) compared to the control birds (1.11%). In addition, the study showed a significantly (P≤0.01) lower carcass weight of cocks from the experimental group (OD, 1491g) compared to cocks from the control group (ID, 1530g) and a significantly lower weight of breast muscles (317g and 338g, respectively). A similar tendency was observed in the case of hens, namely a lower carcass weight, breast muscle weight and fat weight in the group having access to grassy free ranges.The housing system had a significant effect of growth of the body weight of hens having the possibility of using grassy free ranges. The Cobb x Zk chickens characterized by high dressing percentage, similar contents of breast muscles and leg muscles as well as good health status, may be used as material for the rearing free range.
The main aim of the study was to compare rearing effect of calves kept outdoor in individual hutches and indoor in group pens. During the experiments following measurements were taken: body weight, daily and monthly gains and mortality. Study was conducted on 90 calves from 5th to 90th days of age and measures were taken in 3 seasons - spring, summer - autumn and winter. All calves were fed with the same feed and according to the same schedule. Results reviled that during first month calves from both groups achieved the same daily gains. However, older calves kept indoor characterized themselves by better gains and body weight. During the experiment only 2 claves were lost (mortality rate - 2.2%).
Monitoring the health of dairy herds is central to the assessment of animal health and welfare. The aim of this study was to analyse hematological and biochemical parameters in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows depending on the management system.Thirty cows from the foundation stock with an average annual yield of 6500-7000 l of milk were selected for the experiment. The cows were characterized by similar yields and were in a similar lactation period (second and third lactation). The cows were divided into three groups of 10 cows each: confined to a barn (control group C), housed in a barn with free access to an outdoor run (O) and maintained on a pasture (P). Blood samples to determine hematological and biochemical parameters were collected from animals on an empty stomach before the onset of the experiment and towards the end of the pasture period. The present study showed a positive effect of pasturing dairy cows on their hematological parameters. In the group of pasture-fed cows, there were also significant (P≤0.05) differences between the results before and at the end of the trial. There was a significant(P≤0.05) increase in total white blood cell count and in basophil and neutrophil percentages. There were also significant (P≤0.05) increases in the concentration of hemoglobin (by 8%) and hematocrit (by 7%). Biochemical analysis showed slightly higher urea concentrations in the group of pastured cows when compared to the other groups. The high content of nitrogen compounds in the pasture forage could have a certain effect on hepatic nitrogen metabolism, which could increase serum concentrations of AST and ALT enzymes in cows from group P.
The increasing attention paid by both the legislature and consumers concerning animal welfare has raised criticism regarding the tie stall housing system of dairy cattle, since it restricts voluntary movement and limits the social behaviour of cows. The aim of this study was to compare the welfare of dairy cows kept in a tie-stall (TS) and an open-stall (OS) system by assessing metabolic, immunological and stress-related parameters. The study involved 155 cows in 18 farms located in Tuscany. Blood samples were collected in the morning in order to measure: aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), total proteins (TP), creatinine (Creat), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), lysozyme (SL), haptoglobin (Hp), and oxygen free radicals (OFR). At the same time, hair samples were collected to measure cortisol levels and the body condition score was recorded. The results showed that the housing system affected AST, ALT, BHBA, BUN, SL and OFR levels. Most parameters showed values within the range of reference. However, the OFR level was higher in the OS system, probably due to the higher productivity than in TS. Cortisol did not raise particular concern related to chronic stress, since the values were lower than the data reported in literature. The study revealed that the evaluation of welfare based on physiological parameters showed no severe signs of impairment in cows reared in the TS system.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of two feeding systems (TMR - group I, pasture - group II) on physicochemical properties of milk, its suitability for making rennet cheese and butter, and sensory properties of these products. The study was conducted with second and third lactation Simmental cows between 30 and 200 days of lactation. Total milk yield for the lactation period was 6000 litres. Somatic cell count during the study was considerably higher in group I (350 thous-mf on average) than in group II (250 thous.-mlˉ¹ on average). During the study milk samples for chemical analyses were collected once a month. Milk of group II cows was characterised by lower active and potential acidity, higher ethanol stability, and greater tolerance to heat treatment. Rennet-induced clotting time was significantly (p<0.05) shorter for milk of group II cows (202 sec) compared to that of group I cows (248 sec). Sensory evaluation showed that group II milk was characterised by better taste, more intense (p<0.05) aroma, better consistency and significantly (p<0.05) more intense yellow colour, which received a higher score. Rennet cheese yield per 10 l of milk was similar in both groups; however, cheese made from the pasture group milk had a more compact clot. The organoleptic evaluation showed that cheese from group II had a significantly (p<0.05) more intense colour (4.73 vs. 4.07 pts), better consistency (4.87 vs. 4.00 pts) as well as better taste (4.87 vs. 4.20) and aroma (4.73 vs. 4.47) when compared to group I. Immediately after production, butter made from milk of pasture-fed cows had considerably better fat parameters. Butter fat from group II was characterised by a higher iodine number, which measures fat unsaturation level. The higher unsaturated fatty acid content contributed to a decrease in solidification and melting points of fat and to more intense lipolytic and oxidative processes, as evidenced by the higher acid number, peroxide value and TBA value. At the beginning of storage, butter produced from milk of group II cows received significantly (p<0.05) higher scores for colour and consistency as well as higher (p<0.05) scores for aroma and taste. At 30 days of storage no differences were observed between the groups. The results of the present experiment show that pasture feeding has a positive effect on the processing suitability, of milk and the sensory properties of rennet cheese and butter, but the produced butter is more susceptible to undesirable changes during storage.
The experiment was carried out with 320 chickens (fast-growing Hubbard Flex and slow-growing Hubbard JA 957) divided into two experimental groups, each having 160 birds in four replicates, with 40 birds per replicate. During the experiment, body weight was measured initially and at weekly intervals, and feed intake and flock health were determined to calculate feed conversion (kg per 1 kg gain) and percent mortality in the flock. The aim of the study was to compare body weight, growth rate and production results in fast-growing Hubbard Flex (42 days) and slow-growing Hubbard JA 957 (42 and 63 days) chickens designed for free-range husbandry. It was found that fast-growing Hub-bard Flex chickens reared to 42 days of age were characterized by higher body weight and better feed conversion compared to Hubbard JA 957 chickens, at both 42 and 63 days of age. However, the flock of slow-growing Hubbard JA 957 chickens was in better health. Until 42 days of growth, mortality in this flock was 1.87% compared to 3.38% in the Hubbard Flex flock. Over the whole rearing period (63 days), Hubbard JA 957 chickens had a mortality of 3.16%. Because of their better resistance and lower mortality, especially during the final period of growth, slow-growing chickens should be a more desirable choice for alternative husbandry systems.
The experimental group consisted of 57 young Holstein bulls kept in the Czech Republic; 35 bulls were tethered and 22 bulls were loose housed. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the effect of different housing systems on feedlot performance, carcass value and meat quality and their mutual relationship. The overall average values were as follows: feedlot performance parameters live weight at slaughter 434.3 kg, age at slaughter 455.8 days, total weight gain 319.3 kg, duration of fattening 342.1 days, daily weight gain 941 g; carcass value parameters dressing percentage 51.0%, net daily weight gain 482 g, weight and proportion of kidney fat 3.9 kg, 1.8% resp., weight and proportion of fat trim 2.2 kg and 2.0% resp.; meat quality parameters dry matter, fat and collagen content in muscle 23.8, 1.46 and 1.13% resp., pH24 6.08, drip loss 0.849% and remission (525 nm) 6.4%.
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