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1
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Are nestlings of hole-nesting birds affected by ectoparasites? A review

100%
Mazgajski T. D., Kedra A. H.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
|
1997
|
tom 43
|
nr 4
In this review the influence of ectoparasites on nestlings' of some hole-nesting birds is discussed, especially the impact on nestlings' mortality or condition.
2

Nest-sites used by Stock Doves Columba oenas: what determines their occupancy?

86%
Kosinski Z., Bilinska E., Derezinski J., Kempa M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2011
|
tom 46
|
nr 2
Nest-site preferences of the Stock Dove Columba oenas population breeding in holes excavated by the Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius in three sites in western Poland was examined. During the surveys, 176 different trees with 326 holes of Black Woodpeckers were found and investigated. Habitat data at nest locations were characterized on a fine microhabitat scale — hole tree. We used individual selection indices and canonical varíate analysis to describe nest-site preferences. Both analyses provided similar results. Nest-site selection of the Stock Dove was consistently associated with live beeches Fagus sylvatica with more than one hole. These features were clearly associated with diameter at breast height. Moreover, holes situated higher in tree trunk were preferred. Dead trees, mostly Scots Pines Pinus sylvstris, were avoided by the Stock Dove. We suggest that positive selection for smooth-barked beech trees with a number of holes, as well as holes situated higher might reduce the risk of predation by arboreal predators, e.g. the Pine Marten Martes martes. The positive selection for live trees, and clear avoidance of the dead ones, may reduce the cost of incubation and thermoregulation. Moreover, the live beech trees have long life expectancy compared to other tree species. Our results provide evidence that large alive beech trees with the number of holes excavated by Black Woodpeckers are necessary for maintaining breeding population of the Stock Dove.
3

Density and diversity of hole-nesting passerines: dependence on the characteristics of cavities

72%
Remm J., Lohmus A., Rosenvald R.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2008
|
tom 43
|
nr 1
83-91
In addition to the well-known limiting effect of cavity abundance on the density of hole-nesting passerines, other aspects of cavity availability may shape their communities as well. Notably, where there is a considerable aggregation of cavities, territory-holders may prevent the occupation of the nearest cavities by other birds, whereas a supply of diverse cavities may reduce interspecific competition. We used multivariate general linear models to explore whether, and how, variables describing the supply of small cavities are related to the density and diversity of hole-nest- ing passerine communities in 33 hemiboreal old forest stands. The total density of 12 species (1.3 ± 0.8 pairs/ha) increased with cavity density and diversity, but was not affected by cavity aggregation. As expected, cavity diversity also promoted bird diversity; indeed, the densities of different species were positively related to the densities of different cavity types. The results indicate that segregation in nest-cavity selection affects the co-occurrence of passerine species and, at the mean densities of small tree-cavities in the region (2.3/ha), cavity aggregation does not markedly reduce their availability. In conservation management, therefore, it is important to maintain a diverse supply of cavities in addition to their abundance, in order to sustain hole-nester communities.
4

Variation of heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the Great Tit Parus major - a review

72%
Skwarska J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2018
|
tom 53
|
nr 2
Permanent changes in the surrounding environment cause long-term stress in birds, which, when lasting days or weeks, affects the activity of the immune system and increases susceptibility to diseases, leading to changes in the levels of haematological parameters. The heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (H:L-ratio) is generally considered an independent and robust indicator of stress level in birds. This parameter allows in a simple way to evaluate activity of the immune system and individual health state of adult and nestling birds. It also enables assessing a body response to short- and long-term stress induced by, among others, the surrounding environment, social stress, blood parasites or a greater energy expenditure of females during breeding. Under conditions of field work the determination of the H:L- ratio is not difficult because what is only needed to conduct a blood smear test is a drop of blood that can be easily obtained even from birds of a small body mass. Moreover, an increase in the H:L-ratio is observed after about an hour from the moment of catching a bird contrary to other measurements like the determination of a baseline level of corticosterone. In this article available literature that discusses the impact of various factors on the H:L-ratio in the Great Tit as a species of 'fast-paced' life is reviewed. In adult and nestling birds the H:L-ratio is influenced by various factors — ecological and ecophysiological ones. In some cases the same factor, e.g. brood size manipulation or a type of habitat, can significantly influence the level of the discussed stress indicator as well as it may not show any impact at all. While interpreting the H:L-ratio one must take into account an impact of various ecological and ecophysiological factors on health state, such as habitat, phase of the annual cycle, differences between brood attempts, sex, age as well as on relations with other indicators of condition e.g. body mass or total blood haemoglobin concentration.
5

Nest holes of Great Spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major and Middle Spotted Woodpeckers D. medius: Do they really differ in size?

72%
Kosinski Z., Ksit P.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2007
|
tom 42
|
nr 1
45-52
6

Growth performance of nestling Cuckoos Cuculus canorus in cavity nesting hosts

72%
Grim T., Samas P.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2016
|
tom 51
|
nr 2
Generalist brood parasites, like Common Cuckoos Cuculus canorus, target many host species. Why other sympatric hosts are not used, or actively avoided, remains one of the main gaps in our understanding of parasite-host coevolution. Cavity nesting passerines always represented a text-book example of unsuitable hosts but recent evidence casts multiple doubts on this traditional view. In general, any species can become an unsuitable host for a parasite at laying, incubation, or nestling stages with the last one being much less studied than the others. Therefore we examined Cuckoo chick performance in five cavity nesting host species, including one regular Cuckoo host — the Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus and four non-hosts: the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata, Great Tit Parus major, and Coal Tit Periparus ater. Natural nests of non-hosts, as opposed to artificial nest boxes with small entrance holes, are often placed in cavities that show both entrance and inner cavity sizes large enough for female Cuckoos to lay and Cuckoo chicks to fledge. We did not find any evidence for chick discrimination in non-hosts, i.e., no chicks were rejected, attacked, or neglected. Cuckoo chicks grew similarly in nests of all four species of non-hosts, similarly to chicks in host Redstart nests, and generally better than in nests of the most numerous Cuckoo host, the Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Although Cuckoo chick fledging mass was highly host species- specific (i.e., showed high statistical repeatability across various host species), we did not find any evidence for the hypothesis that host body size (mass) positively affects parasite chick growth (fledging mass or age). These findings provide impetus to further study apparently unsuitable hosts and perhaps even reconsider traditional classifications of host suitability in the context of brood parasite-host coevolution.
7

The abundance of tree holes and utilization by hole-nesting birds in a primeval boreal forest of Mongolia

72%
Bai M. L., Wichmann F., Muhlenberg M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2003
|
tom 38
|
nr 2
The natural tree holes and nest holes of hole-nesting birds were surveyed in four forest types in the west Khentii Mountains of NE Mongolia. The utilization patterns of species, size and condition of trees, as well as hole types, were investigated. The average density of tree holes in the study area approached 30 holes/ha, while that of hole-nesting birds was 2.4 nests/ha only. The riparian mixed forest had the greatest number of species and individuals of hole-nesting birds, while the spruce-fir forest had the lowest numbers. Excavating bird species preferred larger, deciduous trees, and snags. Non-excavators did not select holes according to tree species or size, but preferred holes in living trees and branch holes. In view of the low occupancy of holes among the four habitats, we suggest that the density of secondary hole-nesting birds is not limited by availability of holes in the study area.
8

Nest tree utilization by the Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus in the semi-evergreen forest of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary [S India]

72%
Maheswaran B., Balasubramanian P.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2003
|
tom 38
|
nr 1
9

Usefulness of anti-parasite modifications of the nestbox's construction

72%
Kedra A. H., Mazgajski T. D., Kruszewicz A. G., Modlinska E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2000
|
tom 48
|
nr 3
10

Effect of old nest material on nest site selection and breeding parameters in secondary hole nesters - a review

58%
Mazgajski T. D.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2007
|
tom 42
|
nr 1
1-14
11

Nest-site characteristcs of hole-nesting birds in a primeval boreal forest of Mongolia

58%
Bai M. L., Wichmann F., Muhlenberg M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2005
|
tom 40
|
nr 1
1-14
Nest sites of nine common hole-nesting bird species were studied in the West Khentey Mountains, NE Mongolia. Among three excavators, the Great Spotfed Woodpecker used more aspens, larger trees, and more living or intact dead trees than the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker or the Willow Tit. Among non-excavators, the Nuthatch used mainly old holes of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, and the Red-throated Flycatcher frequently used those of the Willow Tit. Thus, the nest site characters of these two species resembled those of the original excavators, and their nests were placed higher than those of other non-excavators. The Coal Tit and the Great Tit used mostly branch holes in living trees. With respect to nest site use, the Daurian Redstart behaved as a generalist while the Common Treecreeper specialized in long slits. The nest site selection of excavators might be governed by body size, territory size and their different abilities of excavation. The non-excavators were best differentiated by their preferred hole type, and their tree use and nest site characters were mainly a consequence of the location of such holes. Interspecific competition did not appear to be important in the nest site use of hole-nesting birds in the study area.
12

Do small hole nesting passerines detect cues left by a predator? A test on winter roosting sites

58%
Ekner A., Tryjanowski P.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2008
|
tom 43
|
nr 1
107-111
There are a lot of studies about relationships between prey and predators. However most have focused on the influence of lethal predators on their prey. We suggested that non-lethal effects may also be very important for a complete understanding of prey-predator interactions. Among many influencing factors predation is important because it affects survival probability, especially in winter, which is a critical period for many passerines living in temperate zones. Apart from killing prey, predators may also have an indirect influence on the choice of nocturnal resting sites. Therefore, small passerines should detect and avoid places where a predator has operated previously. We tested this prediction using data on wintering small passerines, mainly on Great Tits. The study was performed during the winter season of 2005/2006 in western Poland. In the experiment, we put fur and mangled feathers in half of 100 randomly selected nest boxes. Boxes were checked every ten days, from January-March. The birds showed a significantly stronger preference towards "clean" nest boxes (without predator traces). It seems that non-lethal predator influence modifies winter dispersion of birds and wintering passerines may detect, by visual signals left behind, nest boxes where predation has previously occurred.
13

Dependence of nest mass on nest hole depth in the Great Tit Parus major

58%
Mazgajski T. D., Rykowska Z.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2008
|
tom 43
|
nr 1
49-55
Predation is considered an important factor affecting the life histories and breeding strategies of hole nesting birds. Breeding losses in this group of birds are related to such nest site characteristics as entrance size, nest site depth and danger distance - the distance between the outer edge of the entrance to the centre of the nest's bottom, which determines how far a predator unable to enter the hole would have to reach to obtain its contents. It is suggested that birds assess predation risk and adjust their breeding investments accordingly. We tested the hypothesis that in shallow nest sites, birds build smaller nests to maintain the largest danger distance possible. During the experiment, two types of nestboxes were available to birds: those typical for small passerines (with a depth of 21 cm), and shallower ones (with a 16 cm depth). Breeding parameters were obtained by controlling nestboxes, the distances between eggs and entrances were measured, and nests were weighed just after the young fledged. Breeding phenology and clutch size did not differ between the types of nestboxes. Nest site depth influenced nest mass, and according to our assumptions, nests were significantly lighter in shallow nestboxes. A clear, negative relationship was found between nest mass and the danger distance — eggs in larger (heavier) nests were closer to the entrance. Breeding success (number of fledglings per eggs laid) was lower for shallow nestboxes compared to normal ones, and nest mass negatively influenced the number of fledglings and breeding success. The results of this study suggest that Great Tits perceive nest site depth and adjust nest building according to predation risks. Nest size (mass) in shallow sites may be limited by the danger distance, but it is also possible that the number of trips with nest material, which could lead to the detection of the site, is also important. However, both explanations are not mutually exclusive, and both are related to avoiding predator pressure.
14

Coal Tits Periparus ater build larger nests than Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major living in the same Mediterranean coniferous woodland habitat

58%
Lambrechts M. M., Haurez J., Bodineau G., Gagliardi G., Maistre M., Perret P., Pihan P., Wilhelm B., Wilhelm J., Bernard C., Blondel J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2016
|
tom 51
|
nr 1
The size and shape of the nest are species-specific characteristics that are often associated with environmental factors at the time of breeding. Nests are expected to be larger or thicker in colder environments, although the relationships between nest design and weather differ between species. Here we present the results of an analysis of the external height of the nest wall in Paridae that accepted small standardized nesting boxes for breeding. The study populations were monitored in a relatively cold Mediterranean study area. We found that Coal Tits Periparus ater built higher external nest walls than Great Tits Parus major or Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus, after controlling for the first-egg date and clutch size which are assumed to reflect aspects of the quality of the nest builders. Our measures of nest size were not closely associated with the average ambient temperature, but nest walls tended to be shallower when there was more rain. Nest-shape asymmetry, as reflected in the difference in the external height of the nest measured closest to and farthest from the nest-chamber entrance, was observed in all three species, but the average asymmetry was highest in Coal Tits. In asymmetric nests, more nest material was added to the side that was closest to the front wall considered to be the coldest and least protected against harsh weather. Thus, nest size characteristics differ between three ecologically similar species inhabiting the same cavity type in the same coniferous woodland habitat, which would imply that different species do not respond in the same way to the same set of environmental factors.
15

Polyterritoriality and the first record of polygyny in the Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva in primeval forest

58%
Mitrus C., Socko B.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2005
|
tom 40
|
nr 2
170-172
Territoriality in Red-breasted Flycatchers was studied in the Białowieża Forest of Eastern Poland during five consecutive breeding seasons (2000-2004). In total 99 males were individually marked, and evidence of polyterritoriality was found in 10% of them. The proportion of polyterritorial males varied from 0% (in 2003) to 13.6% (in 2001). The mean distance between the first and second territories was 278 m (± 179.37, n = 10). The rate of polyterritoriality was not related to age class, as older males defended dual territories that were, on average, not more distantly separated than those of younger males. One case of polygyny was recorded. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for polyteritoriality and polygyny in male Red-breasted Flycatchers.
16

Winter abundance of hole-nesting birds in natural and managed woods of Zealand [Denmark]

58%
Bursell J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2002
|
tom 37
|
nr 2
17

The abundance and suitability of tree cavities and their impact on hole-nesting bird populations in beech forests of NE Iberian Peninsula

51%
Comprodon J., Salvanya J., Soler-Zurita J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2008
|
tom 43
|
nr 1
17-31
The availability and suitability of tree cavities for hole-nesting birds were surveyed in three beech wood types (mature, cleared and coppice forests) in the North east of the Iberian Peninsula. We sampled the occupation of cavities and the abundance of hole-nesting birds. We also tested experimentally with tit nest boxes whether the lack of suitable nest-holes may limit the abundance of secondary cavity-nesters. We surveyed hole-nesting birds before and after nest box provision. Trunk and branch cavities (25.9%) were significantly more abundant in mature woods, and are correlated with the density of secondary occupants. Stump and root cavities (74.1%) were more abundant in coppice forests. Shortage of big diameter's (> 45 cm DBH) and good bearing trees explained the lack of cavities in managed forests. Only small proportion of available cavities was used by birds (5.5%). All occupied cavities were placed in trunk (5.5%) and presented smaller diameter entrances than the whole availability of cavities. Nest boxes occupation rate was higher in the plots where suitable nest holes were scarce (managed woods), and consequently it brought an increase on both Great Tit and Blue Tit populations. These two species populations were favoured from the next breeding season after the provision of nest boxes, but not in mature stands nor in control sites (with no nest boxes). Therefore, results show that suitability of cavities rather than availability determines secondary hole-nesting bird abundance in managed forests.
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