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Future climatic warming may modifyinsect development, sex ratio, quantitative changes in populations that could affect the frequency of outbreaks. Here we analyzed the influence of temperature on larval growth and development in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). The larvae were reared at three constant temperatures: 15, 20 or 25°C, and fed with leaves of the English oak (Quercus robur L.). Larval mortality, duration of development (DD), relative growth rate (RGR), total mass of food eaten (TFE), and pupal mass (PM) were estimated. Larval mortality was lowest at 20°C, higher at 25°C, and highest at 15°C. DD significantly decreased with increasing temperature and depended on sex. The influence of temperature on the shortening of DD was stronger in males than in females. RGR significantly depended on temperature and was the highest at 25°C, and lowest at 15°C. At 15°C, RGR did not change markedly with time. In contrast, RGR at 20°C was characterized bya continuous decreasing trend. At 25°C, RGR was very high for 2 weeks but quickly declined afterwards. Temperature did not affect the TFE. PM was significantly correlated with temperature and sex. PM of females was higher at 20°C than at 15 and 25°C, in contrast to that of males, which was similar at 20 and 25°C, and higher than at 15°C. For larval growth and development, the most favourable was the medium temperature (20°C). The least favourable temperature for females was 25°C, for males 15°C. The results suggest that global warming may modifythe future sex ratio of gypsy moths that may affect insect development and outbreaks.
In the Marmaris National Park (located on the Mediterranean coast of SW Turkey) mostly covered with Pinus brutia forests, four sites were selected to study the postfire successional trends in vegetation and insect communities. The sites represented: 1, 5, and 21 years after fire as well as control site (more than 45 years after fire). On the study plots (0.5 ha) the insects were collected with the sweep net swung along three transects each of 100 m length, in monthly intervals between August 2000 and September 2001. The number of plant species decreased from 41 to 32 along succession, as well as the number of stage-specific species but the mean height of vegetation increased with successional stage. The abundance and species richness of herbivorous insects decreased along succession as well as two main herbivore groups – xylophagous and sap-feeders. However, no major changes were found between the sites in terms of abundance or species richness of predators. This decrease in herbivorous forms may be a result of changes in the plant architecture and vegetation structure between post-fire successional stages.
In the summer of 1997 a mass occurrence of parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella (DUP.) was observed. Many specimens of Litomastix kriechbaumeri MAYR (Encyrtidae) were reared from caterpillars of this herbivore. This species is new to the Polish fauna.
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