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P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the MDR1 (multidrug resistance 1) gene is ATP-dependent transporting protein which is localizated in the cell membrane. P-gp is expressed Review Article 130 A. Bogacz, D. Deka-Pawlik, J. Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, M. Karasiewicz, R. Kujawski, A. Kowalska, A. Chałas, B. Czerny, E. Grześkowiak, P. M. Mrozikiewicz mainly in organs with the secretory functions and its physiological role concerns tissue protection against xenobiotics. P-glycoprotein is involved in the permeability barriers of the blood-brain, blood-placenta directly protecting these organs. It participates in the transport of many drugs and other xenobiotics affecting their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The high P-gp activity in the cell membranes of cancer tissue is a major cause of lack of effectiveness of chemotherapy. Hence, the methods which could increase the sensibility of these pathological cells to cytostatics are still being searched. In the experimental studies it was shown that natural plant substances may have an effect on the expression level and activity of P-glycoprotein. Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba and Camellia sinensis increase P-gp activity while curcumin from Curcuma longa, piperine and silymarin inhibit this protein. Taking into account a wide substrate spectrum of P-gp, application of our knowledge on interactions of herbals and synthetic drugs should be considered in order to improve drug impact on different tissues.
Background. Herbs are used in both the food and pharmaceutical industry. The quality of products received from herbal raw materials depends primarily on the microbiological purity of herbs. The presence of germs in food products contributes to developing alimentary infections and to the contamination of food with mycotoxins. Decontamination with ultraviolet UV-C rays is a proven way to enhance the microbiological purity of food products as radiation directly affects the structure of the nucleic acid of living organisms and destroys them without selective biocidal activity. The aim of the study was to determine the microbiological purity of selected species of herbs and assess the possibility of using UV-C radiation to increase it. Material and methods. The scope of work included the separation of three dimensional fractions of dried herbs such as thyme, medical cistus and stinging nettle, and then subjecting them to UV-C light and determining the total number of germs in the herbs with respect to the control sample, which consisted of untreated herbs. Results. The tested herbs were characterised by diversified microbiological purity, depending on the species and a type of size fraction. Sterilisation of herbs with UV-C radiations allowed for increasing their microbiological purity as compared to the control sample, in the case of the fraction with the largest particle size by about 37% – thyme, 73% – cistus and 30% – nettle. Conclusions. The use of UV-C radiation allowed for considerable reduction of the number of germs found in the examined herbs.
The roots of Citrus sinensis have yielded a flavanoid glycoside. The compound was characterized as dihydrokaempferol 7,4’-dimethyl ether-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl(1”’→ 6”)-β-glucopyranoside on the basis of U.V, I.R and N.M.R (1H, 13C).
Jednym z roślinnych odpadów poprodukcyjnych, generowanych przez zakłady pozyskujące surowce zielarskie, są drobnoziarniste odpady powstające podczas pakowania ziół. W zakładach Herbapol Białystok S.A., takich odpadów powstaje w skali roku około 30 ton, a najczęstszym sposobem ich zagospodarowania jest stosowanie jako dodatku do pasz. W pracy przed-stawiono wyniki badań aktywności wody (jako krytycznego parametru kontroli jakości) drobnoziarnistych odpadów poprodukcyjnych melisy, w zależność od wilgotności odpadów i wielkości cząstek, oraz dokonano analizy morfologii cząstek melisy pod względem współczynników kształtu, przy wykorzystaniu metod stereologicznych i komputerowej analizy obrazu. Do analizy morfologicznej cząstek odpadów melisy wykorzystano: ułamek obszaru cząstki i obszaru jego części wypukłych, współczynnik wydłużenia oraz współczynnik kształtu. Uzyskane wyniki badań pokazują, że zwiększenie wilgotności odpadów od 7,60 do 15,33% powoduje wzrost aktywności wody od wartości 0,341 do poziomu 0,798. Aby nie dopuścić do rozwoju pleśni w odpadach melisy, należy przechowywać je w warunkach gwarantujących utrzymanie wilgotności mniejszej niż 10%. Zwiększenie cząstek odpadów od d < 0,063 mm do cząstek o wielkości 0,25 mm < d < 0,5 mm (przy wilgotności 10,33%) powoduje wzrost aktywności wody od wartości 0,562 do 0,598. Wpływ wilgotności i wielkości cząstki odpadów melisy na aktywność wody można opisać równaniem funkcji logarytmicznej. Przeprowadzone obserwacje mikroskopowe i ich analiza pokazały, że najwięcej cząstek opadów melisy (oprócz cząstek największych, o średnicy d > 0,5 mm) charakteryzuje się kształtem zbliżonym do kuli.
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench is a perennial of the Asteraceae family. The species is partially protected in Poland. Its inflorescence is a source of valuable herbal material. The amount of fresh and dry mass of inflorescences collected from plants growing in natural stands and those obtained from experimental plantations was analyzed. The plants growing in the plantation were obtained from in vitro cultures. Germination ability of achenes was also tested. The number of flowering shoots per plant, the number of plants per area unit as well as the fresh and dry mass of inflorescences depended significantly on the soil conditions and precipitation. Cultivation of H. arenarium gives a significantly higher fresh and dry mass of inflorescences per plant and a higher yield per area unit. The yield of herbal material from a plantation can vastly exceed that from the natural stands. Stratification of achenes prior to their germination resulted in an increase in the number of seedlings by 9.6%. Germination ability markedly decreased with time. Therefore, it is likely that the achenes form a transient seed bank. Achenes from plants obtained by in vitro method exhibited the lowest germination ability, so they should not be used as seed material.
Sandy everlasting, Helichrysum arenarium, a perennial belonging to Asteraceae family, is a source of valuable herbal material and therefore is under partial protection in Poland. It grows in sunny places on sandy soils, in abandoned fields, along roadsides and in dry forests and thickets, where it enters into symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The studies on the biology, ecology and cultivation of sandy everlasting have been vigorously pursued since 2003. The aim of this work was assessing the influence of root colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and development of H. arenarium cultivated on clayey soil. Two independent experiments (in the pots and in field) were performed. In the first one, under laboratory conditions, the effect of inoculation of soil with arbuscular fungus Glomus intraradices on the biometric features of sandy everlasting seedlings was analyzed. The second experiment was designed to show the association of the root colonisation level with the biometric features of generative shoots grown in an open field. It was demonstrated that sandy clay is an appropriate medium for growing sandy everlasting, enabling a proper development of seedlings and ensuring high inflorescence yield. The amendment of soil with inoculum resulted in a significant decrease in the mass of vegetative and generative shoot parts and made the cultivation more expensive. The inflorescence yield (Inflorescentia Helichrysi) obtained from inoculated plots was lower by 36%.
The main aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total polyphenols content in fifteen herbal plants, such as chamomile flower head, oak bark, St. John’s-wort herb, hawthorn flower, dog rose and elder fruits, lingonberry leaf, and many more. From the herbs both the water and methanolic extracts were prepared. The highest antioxidant activity and the highest polyphenols level were obtained for lingonberry leaves (1752.9 mg Trolox/g d.w. and 199.6 mg catechin/g d.w., respectively). The oak bark, St. John’s-wort herb, and flowers of hawthorn and elder were also a very valuable source of antioxidant compounds. It was demonstrated that, in contrary to water, methanol was more efficient solvent for extraction of antioxidant compounds from lingonberry leaf, lime flower, fruits of elder and doge rose, oak bark, flowers of hawthorn, St. John’s-wort herb and heartsease herb. Therapeutic activity of some examined herbs did not depend on antioxidant activity.
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