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A project was developed concerning the operational system of surveillance and the recording of episodic events in the Baltic Sea. In situ information was to be combined with multi-sensory satellite imagery to determine the extent of algal blooms, to track their evolution and that of rapid environmental events like hydrological fronts. The main element of the system was an autonomous Ferry Box module on a ferry operating between Gdynia and Karlskrona, automatically measuring temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a fluorescence. At pre-selected locations, discrete water samples were collected, which were subsequently analysed for their phytoplankton content, and algal hepato- and neurotoxins; they were also used in toxicity tests with Artemia franciscana.
Oceanologia
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2001
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tom 43
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nr 3
329-339
Microcystins and nodularin are potent hepatotoxins produced by fresh and seawater cyanobacteria.T he persistence of three hepatotoxins – microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR and nodularin – was investigated in sterile BG-11 medium of different salinity and in water collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk.After 21 days of incubation at 17±1◦ C and constant illumination of about 40 μmol photon m−2 s−1 the concentration of toxins decreased by about 30–37%.N o significant changes in toxin concentration in the BG-11 media of different salinity were observed. When toxins were incubated in non-sterile seawater, their concentrations decreased markedly.It is likely that some strains of bacteria are responsible for the breakdown of the toxins.No dularin turned out to be more resistant to biodegradation than the two microcystins.The influence of certain components of cyanobacteria cells on the accelerated rate of toxin degradation was also considered.
In the Baltic Sea, summer blooms of the filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena are favoured by high P concentrations at low N:P ratios and a salinity range of 5–13 PSU. The blooms are initiated by calm and sunny weather, an elevated surface water temperature and thermal stratification. The mass occurrence of N. spumigena in coastal waters is a matter of special concern, as the cyanobacterium produces nodularin, a potent pentapeptide hepatotoxin. In the Gulf of Gdańsk, the large-scale occurrence of N. spumigena was recorded for the first time in 1994. Blooms of a similar intensity occurred in 2001, 2003 and 2004. Nodularin concentrations in freeze-dried bloom samples varied from 0.01 to 4.01 mg g−1 d.w. In the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk, cell-bound nodularin concentrations in 2004 and 2005 attained maxima of 25 852±107 μg dm−3 and 3964±125 μg dm−3, respectively. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of diverse Nodularia forms, with the dominance of curved filaments in bloom samples. The results of in situ studies and remote sensing measurements indicate a high frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the last ten years.
Nodularia spumigena forms extensive summer blooms in the Baltic Sea. The occurrence of the blooms is determined by water temperature, light intensity and nutrient concentration; levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in particular are critical. The time of the seasonal maximum and intensity of the Nodularia bloom in the Gulf of Gdańsk vary significantly from year to year. In 2001 a rapid and massive proliferation of N. spumigena was observed in late June – early July. The concentration of nodularin in water ranged from 90 to 18 135 μg dm−3 and in lyophilised phytoplankton samples from 3000 to 3520 μg g−1 d.w. (dry weight). Such a high concentration of toxin in the recreational waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk constitutes a health risk for users of bathing areas. In 2002, the N. spumigena bloom was less dense, but lasted longer, with a maximum in late July – early August. In 2002 the concentration of nodularin did not exceed 12.6 μg dm−3 in water and 919 μg g−1 d.w. in lyophilised phytoplankton samples. Other cyanobacterial toxins – microcystins and anatoxin-a – were also detected in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk.
Morphologically, physiologically and metabolically, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are one of the most diverse groups of prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria bloom abundantly in surface waters as a result of eutrophication and they produce different types of toxins, so they not only hinder recreational use of bodies of water but also cause health problems in humans and animals. Cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins) can be classified in five groups: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins and irritant toxins (lipopolysaccharides).
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