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Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica is a hepatic parasitic infection that affects numerous mammal species mainly ruminants, and is still a major veterinary problem in Poland causing huge economic losses in the cattle industry. The economic significance of fasciolosis is mainly due to direct losses caused by decrease in weight gain, milking capacity and the confiscation of altered livers in slaughterhouse. The molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions are still little known. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the metabolic activity of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes exposed to excretory-secretor products (ESP) of Fasciola hepatica. The metabolic activity of isolated hepatocytes was determined with MTT and enzyme leakage tests. Hepatocytes were incubated with 0-1 mg/ml ES proteins from 2 to 72 hours. It was found that both the concentration and longevity of ESP action may hamper the metabolic activity of hepatocytes. Decrease in the metabolic activity of the cells correlated with an increase in enzyme leakage (ALT, ASPAT and LDH). Moreover, it was found that the level of albumin in the medium gradually decreased after 24 hrs of incubation with EPS, which may have resulted from an alternation of protein synthesis in the cells treated with the liver fluke metabolites. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that ESP of Fasciola hepatica plays an important role in damaging liver cells of the host during invasions.
The aim of the work was to determine monensin, narasin hepatotoxicity and the nature of cell death. Rat hepatocyte model cell line (FAO) was used to investigate two ionophore antibiotic cytotoxic effects estimated by MTT, NRU and KB tests approved by INVITTOX. Additionally, the apoptotic/necrotic nature of cell death was determined by propiodine iodide and HO 342 staining of the cultured hapatocytes. IC₅₀ indices for monensin and narasine estimated by using the MTT test during a 24 hour incubation period were at a level of 0,027 ± 0,001 µM and 0,037 ± 0,001 µM, respectively. However, an incubation period of 48 hrs yielded an equal value - 0,02 µM - for both ionophores. Contrary to the MTT test, NRU and KB estimations demonstrated lower IC₅₀ values for narasine than for monensin. These results correlated to in-vivo acute toxicity and LD₅₀ indices in rats (data from references). The apoptotic nature of hepatocyte death dominated in the cultures. The article also discussed the mechanisms of ionophore induced cytotoxicity.
The aim this study was to compare metabolic activity of a hollow fiber bioreactor with a perfused liver. A special construction of a hollow fiber bioreactor was used with freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. After isolation, hepatocytes were incubated in the bioreactor for the duration of 3 hrs in the following conditions: 100 ml medium Hanks Balances Salts Solution supplemented with 4% albumin, 2 mM ornithine, 10 mM ammonium chloride and 6 mM ethanol were used; the medium was perfused in a circulated system for 25 ml/min; samples of the medium were taken to estimate ammonia, urea, glucose, lactate, ethanol, AST and ALT activity before and after 5 min and every 15 min of perfusion time. The same experimental condition was used in the perfused rat liver system. Utilization of ammonia was different in both systems and amounted to: 8.89 and 5.23 µmol/h/g hepatocytes in the bioreactor and perfused liver, respectively. Urea production was: 2.35 and 8.22 µmol/h/g hepatocytes, respectively. The largest differences between the compared systems were observed in the glucose and lactate metabolism. The bioreactor did not release glucose and lactate during the entire time of perfusion. In contrast, perfused liver intensively released glucose (31.32 µmol/hr/g cells) and produced lactate (29.42 µmol/hr/g cells). On the other hand, there was no statistically significance difference in the rate of ethanol metabolism between both systems, which amounted to 2.55 and 2.04 umol/h/g hepatocytes in the bioreactor and perfused liver, respectively. The results indicate that a bioreactor with freshly isolated hepatocytes is not bioequivalent to a perfused liver if estimation is made on the basis of ureogenesis and/or glucose utilization. However, ethanol utilization gives evidence that the metabolic activity of the bioreactor is comparable with a perfused liver. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the difference in metabolic activity of the bioreactor and perfused liver is connected with catabolic state and disturbances of energy metabolism in freshly isolated hepatocytes. In such a condition HBSS is not the proper medium for the recovery of homeostasis. To estimate the metabolic activity of freshly isolated hepatocytes cultivated in various in vitro systems such as a marker of model usefulness it is suggested to use the activity of inducible enzymes, but not constituent enzymes.
The aims of the study were determining the median cytotoxicity indicate (IC50), nature of cell death (apoptosis/ necrosis), assessment and morphology of changes observed in FAO cell line culture of hepatocytes subjected to ionophore antibiotics, salinomycin and lasalocid, incubations. INVTTOX recommended MTT, NRU and KB cytotoxicity tests were used to research mitochondrial, protein synthesis and cell proliferation. In addition cell staining in order to reveal membrane destruction that established cell death character May-Grunwald & Giemsa staining were also conducted. Cytotoxicity indices (IC50) estimated by the 24 hour MTT test were at a level 2.41 ± 0.29 mM and 7.93 ± 0.01 mM; however, after a 48 hour incubation the values lowered to 0.112739 ± 0.01 mM and 0.59 ± 0.01 mM for salinomycin and lasalocid, respectively. In contrast to the MTT data, that of NRU and KB tests were higher, indicating mitochondria as the main subcellular target for the antibiotic action. The determined IC50 values were positively related to DL50 (the data from references). Hepatocytes death were established to be of an apoptosis nature. Cell morphology was changed from IC50 depending on manner; the lower value of the indicate corresponded to more pronounced cytopathologic findings. Summarizing, monolayer cell cultures of rat hepatocytes proved to serve as a useful model for cytotoxicity studies enabling to indicate subcellular targets for ionophore antibiotics
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cadmium on the antioxidant enzyme activity in rat hepatocytes. The experiments were conducted on isolated rat hepatocytes, which were incubated for two hours in modified Williams’ E medium (MWE) with 25, 50, and 200 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). Hepatocytes incubated in MWE medium without cadmium chloride were used as a control. The activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (tot. GSHPx), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSHR) - and the values of the studied oxidative stress markers - the concentration of tiobarbituric-acid-reacting substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) - indicate that cadmium induces oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes, which impairs antioxidative mechanisms.
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