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The objective of the study was to determine if there were differences in Cr, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni levels in coat hair and hoof horn between Polish Konik horses maintained in stabled and reserve systems in Roztocze National Park in Poland. Summer and winter feeding seasons (seasons of the year in case of hooves) and age of horses were taken into account. 107 samples of hair and hooves, as well as all kinds of feed and sources of water available for the horses were examined. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of the elements in the coat hair, hoof horn, feeds and water is usually too low to show possible influence of the system of maintenance in feeding seasons and age effect. The reserve horses are not more exposed to heavy metal contamination than the stabled horses. In the hair, solely Mn level is affected by the systems of maintenance in summer and winter feeding seasons: during winter it is higher, particularly in the stabled system, than during summer. In hooves, Cr concentration is higher in stabled horses than in reserve horses and conversely, Cu content is higher in the reserve horses. Mn content is age-affected both in hair and hooves, likewise is Cu content in the hooves. The results indicate a necessity of Cu compound supplementation in feeding the horses in both systems of maintenance.
The field study involved 4 sites and 15 samples according to the wind directions: North, East, South and West. The analysis was conducted through the use of Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Ten types of heavy metals were identified as indicators for pollution namely Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. The results indicated that the concentration of Fe was the most dominant per specific distances and depths and exceeded the minimum standard in North, East and West directions. While Cu was the second most dominant with concentration exceeding minimum standard per specific distance and depth, mainly in the West direction. The results have shown presence of bacterial species including Pseudomonas, Mirococcus, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Bacillus and Klebsiella. These pathogens can infect wounds and cause sepsis and mortality and can even occur with such organisms to cause secondary infection. These groups of organisms are almost impossible to control since they are ubitiquous.
Since the mountains often represent a barrier for the pollutants in many regions, the concentrations of toxic elements in the tissues of alpine animals may remain relatively high and do not decrease in the current times. To estimate heavy metal contamination of alpine ecosystems Snow voles (Chionomys nivalis) are very useful monitors. They are small, easy to catch, have a territory of limited range, fairly short life span and they are closely adjusted to their environment The voles were monthly bait-trapped in the West Tatras, the Western Carpathians, Slovakia. The local population was studied at the Brestova mountain chain (49°13’29.43’’N; 19°40’46.07’’E, 1902 m.a.s.l.). The animals were trapped in September 2009 and from May to November 2010. The global sampling yielded a total of 50 samples (trapped and retrapped individuals). The lead concentrations in the tail vertebrae and the number of micronuclei in peripheral blood were examined. The Pb levels in voles were exceptionally high in overwintering mature animals (16.1 μg g–1dry weight in average) in comparison to young immatures (4.3 μg g–1). Females had significantly higher concentrations of Pb in their bones (13 μg g–1) than males (7.3 μg g–1). Snow vole adults caught in the spring exhibited significantly higher micronuclei frequencies in peripheral blood than immature ones trapped in summer or fall. Given that Pb is bioaccumulated in the diet of voles, this study showed that feeding on winter diet (mosses, lichens) could constitute a major pathway for the entry of Pb into food chain of alpine habitats. The usefulness of Snow voles as biomonitors of environmental contamination in alpine ecosystems was highly recognized.
This paper investigated concentrations of heavy metals in roadside surface soil samples collected from the D-100 highway in Sakarya, Turkey. The sequential extraction procedure has been applied to 24 soil surface samples and heavy metals concentrations (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn) determined by ICP-OES. The three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure was used in order to evaluate mobility, availability, and persistence of trace elements in roadside surface soil samples. Validation of the analytical results was checked by analysis of the BCR-701 certified reference material. The results showed good agreement between the obtained and the certified values for the heavy metals analyzed. The results show that Zn (229 µg/g), Pb (227 µg/g), Mn (129 µg/g), Fe (113 µg/g), and Cr (101 µg/g) are the most contaminated heavy metals in roadside surface soil samples.
The study of heavy metals concentration in the estuarine lake Gardno water and bottom sediments showed that the river Łupawa and periodic inputs of sea water exert decisive influence on forming of the water stores and bottom sediments quality in this lake. The largest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were observed at river mouth into the lake region (Cd – 0.26, Cu – 3.71, Mn – 94.3, Pb – 10.01, Zn – 16.26 μg dm-3) and the lowest at water outflow from the lake region (Cd – 0.13, Cu – 1.81, Mn – 53.8, Pb – 8.86, Zn – 8.05 μg dm-3). Average concentrations of those metals in the lake water, suspension and bottom sediment form the following row: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd. The contents of analysed metals were the highest in interstitial water, smaller in near-bottom water and the smallest in surface water. Average content of metals in near-bottom suspension was about 30% higher than that in surface suspension, but enrichment factors of those metals in suspensions do not show essential statistic differences. This probably results from continual mixing of water masses by wind. The migration coefficients indicated that bottom sediments of lake Gardno have large accumulation properties of heavy metals.
Deposition of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd, and their concentrations in falling dust were measured in 1995-1998 in eastern Mazowieckie Province (former Siedleckie Province). No maximum permissible values of dust deposition, nor Pb and Cd concentrations, were exceeded. It was observed that the elements of low melting temperatures (Pb, Zn) reached higher concentrations in particulate matter, and higher deposition level in heating season compared with summer. Among all the examined metals Ni appeared to be the most stable in falling particulate matter. The results indicate that the main source of metals in falling particulate matter is the thermal and electric power industry.
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Results of analyses of underground waters on a municipal landfill site conducted in 2004-2008, prior to leachate cleaning were presented and discussed in the paper. The sewage quality analysis comprised pH, electrolytic conductivity, TOC, Cr+6, Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn and PAHs. Results of leachate water testing were compared with standard values and subjected to comparative analysis taking into consideration also atmospheric precipitation amount. The aim of the paper was to assess the leachate water quality in conditions of exploited municipal landfill. The analyzed waters were characterized by variability of composition evidenced by increasing pH values, electrolytic conductivity and heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Hg) total organic carbon (TOC) and PAHs, but also by a decline in heavy metal contents (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn).
This study investigated heavy metals in soils and agricultural products near an industrial district in Dongguan City. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in soil and agricultural products from vegetable and banana fields were determined. Results indicated that except for Zn in one sample and Cd in five samples, the majority of the samples were notably enriched by heavy metals compared with background values. The concentrations of heavy metals (mg·kg⁻¹ dry soil) in agricultural soils in the study area ranged from 22.2 to 93.0 for Cu, 31.2 to 213.6 for Zn, 47.6 to 133.5 for Pb, 0.01 to 0.67 for Cd, 0.15 to 0.56 for Hg, and 20.5 to 28.9 for As. Among these soil samples, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg in 20.6%, 8.8%, 29.4% and 38.2% soil samples, respectively, exceeded Chinese maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) for agricultural soil. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd were significantly higher in vegetable than in banana fields. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg accumulated in the topsoil of vegetable fields, but only Pb and Hg accumulated in banana fields. Zn, Cd, and Hg accumulated more easily in flowering cabbage than other vegetables. Cu, Zn, and As were accumulated more easily in banana than lettuce, bunching onion and eggplant. Therefore, the findings suggest more attention should be focused on the accumulation of heavy metals in banana. This study presents a practical methodology for screening crops with lower bio-concentration factors for heavy metals to reduce metal contaminants in the general food supply chain.
Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra are commercially fished clams with a wide distribution in the shallow inshore waters of Lake Timsah, Egypt. They are usually contaminated with heavy metals. Consumption of such contaminated clams can pose a public health risk. To minimize this risk, therefore, the clams should be removed from the contaminated waters and transferred to an approved area to reduce the high levels of metals before being marketed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of transplantation on levels of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu,Ni, Co,Cd,Pb) in these clams. The clams were removed from their polluted site and transplanted to a relatively clean area for a period of 120 days. Although the salinity at the transplantation site was higher than at the polluted site, it was stable and did not appear to have any adverse effect on clam growth. Heavy metals were analysed in the water, sediment and clam tissues from both the polluted and the transplantation sites. Although in both species transplantation evidently reduced heavy metal levels, these still exceeded the maximum permissible levels laid down by the WHO (1982).
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