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Spreading routes of enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, unclassified enteroviruses and new genus - Hepatovirus), their survival in different water environments, the hazard from them for human health, and diseases caused by them are described. A list of enteroviral diseases is included.
This study was carried out in a car factory at workplaces in various states of activity. The measurements of substances enlisted as carcinogenic found at workplaces in some departments in 1995-1997 was carried out as well as the evaluation of microclimatic conditions and the evaluation of sick absenteism in the whole factory. Analysis of results revealed that microclimates in the rooms in the studied departments did not exceed permissible hygienic standards, except for some workplaces in the suspension springs department and the tool room. The analysis of exposure to particular/specific factors in 1995-1997 enlisted among carcinogenic substances did not reveal any toxicological health hazard. Sick absenteism in the whole factory and studied departments in the analyzed period varied. The prevailing group of diseases were diseases of the respiratory system. Morbidity from cancer was low.
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are emetic toxins causing food poisoning in humans, because of their biological activity and structural relatedness They have been classified as members of the pyrogenic exotoxin superantigen family Among them nine major antigenic types of emetic enterotoxins were recognized In recent years several newly detected SEs were also discriminated, but their occurrence and role in human and animal diseases are not fully understood Neverthless, evidences of their pathogenic role and broad distribution in staphylococcal strains cumulate Therefore their importance as potential risk factor for food safety becomes essential For this reason their properties, genetic determinants and supposed mechanisms of the pathogenic activity are discussed in respect of their potential hazard to human health.
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Risk of exposure to Legionella in dental practice

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Aerosols generated in dental operations are a source of exposure to microorganisms proliferated within dental unit waterlines (DUWL) biofilm. It has been suggested that presence of Legionella species in these aerosols may contribute to potential health hazards for dental staff and patients. The article attempts to provide a brief overview of the current knowledge about Legionella, its prevalence in DUWL, immunological reactions of the dentists and concepts for prophylaxis of Legionella in dentists' work place.
The presence of Rotavirus hominis and other rotaviruses in sewage and water is described. The problem of rotaviral world-wide infections causing severe or fatal disease of in­fants, children, adults and persons immu­no­com­pro­mised is discussed.
The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the incidence of Salmonella spp. by conventional culture methods in cream cakes, (ii) to detect invA gene by PCR for the confirmation of the isolates, (iii) to analyze isolates for S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi, and S. Typhimurium by PCR based on Sdf I, ViaB, Spy gene sequences, respectively, and (iv) to identify isolates in comparison to the reference strain by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 81 unpackaged cream cake samples were obtained from different patisseries in Hatay, Turkey. Salmonella spp. was detected in 13 (16%) out of 81 cream cake samples by the conventional culture method. Atotal of 45 isolates from the 13 positive samples were confirmed as Salmonella spp. by PCR. Homology among the reference strain and isolates and homology within the isolates was found to be 98.97-100%. Cream cake samples analyzed in this study were found to be contaminated with Salmonella, thus posing a potential health hazard for the consumer. To protect public health, food safety management systems such as HACCP, GMP and GHP could be carried out in cream cake production.
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