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Spreading routes of enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, unclassified enteroviruses and new genus - Hepatovirus), their survival in different water environments, the hazard from them for human health, and diseases caused by them are described. A list of enteroviral diseases is included.
Background. Toothpastes have multi-functional configurations as oral care products. They can however constitute a possible source, amongst others, of toxic metal exposure in public health. Indeed, the public health impact of personal hygiene and consumer products is largely unknown. Objective. To determine the level of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel) in toothpastes available in Nigeria, (home produced and imported), and assess the potential risk to the people. Material and Method. The samples of toothpastes commonly used in Nigeria were tested. Using a market basket protocol thirty five different brands of toothpaste were used. Samples were digest by addition of 10 mL mixture of conc. nitric and hydrochloric acids (HCl:HNO3, 3:1), followed by heating to dryness. 20 mL deionized water was added, stirred and filtered. The filtrate was made up in standard volumetric flask and lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt and nickel concentrations were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry 205A. The daily intake of metals and target hazard quotient (THQ) were then calculated. Results. Pepsodent and Flodent had the highest levels of lead at respectively 23.575 and 18.092 mg/kg while Colgate Herbal had the highest nickel of 18.535 mg/kg. The daily intake estimates of all imported toothpaste samples were below the stated upper limits (UL). All target hazard quotients were also found to be below one. Conclusions. Although the UL, THQ and daily intake rates were all normal, the high levels of lead in some of the toothpastes an important concern to public health suggesting that pre-marketing safety studies of toothpastes may be worthwhile for the regulatory authorities.
Using GIS techniques, spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) damage was analysed against distance from the edge of small spruce stands with strict protection regime; for reference damage nearby managed spruce stands was used. Mean volume of spruce timber, harvested with sanitary fellings was significantly higher near spruce stands with strict conservation status (14.7 ±2.1 to 17.0 ±3.8 m3/ha) than in the vicinity of managed control sites (9.9 ±0.4 to 11.5 ±0.8 m3/ha). Under endemic spruce bark beetle population levels strict conservation regime in small areas (forest woodland key habitats of average 3.7 ha size) was found to be Ips typographus hazard for adjacent spruce forests up to 450 m distance.
The sewage treatment plant was monitored to determine the efficiency of technologies employed to reduce microbiological threats. Every four weeks, for a year, sewage was sampled to investigate the effects of post-mechanical and post-biological treatment. Changes in Escherichia coli, D-group streptococci and Salmonella spp. number were analyzed. The reduction of the bacteria in sewage treated mechanically was not significant and did not exceed 1 log. However, a significant reduction in an average number was found. In addition, seasonal variation was found to correlate with the number of each of the selected bacteria groups.
Typical methods have been characterised of determination of the corrosion hazard caused by stray currents to metal structures transporting or storing aggressive media (e.g. fuel pipelines, tanks). Monitoring of the hazard allows determination of its extent, facilitates choice of the most appropriate anticorrosion protection method individually for each structure, and also enables evaluation of the effectiveness of a functioning protective installation. In the paper the practicability of the above mentioned methods has been assessed. Application of methods leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the corrosion hazard of electrolytic corrosion in relation to real electrode processes occurring on the metallic surface of the structure can lead to dangerous consequences. The effect of corrosion processes is the corrosive perforation of the metal leading to leakage to the ground of aggressive media contaminating the natural environment. Seeking of new unequivocal methods regarding electrolytic corrosion processes proceeding on structures is a fundamental issue.
The current state of the art and dedicated applications in Early Warning Systems (EWS) of hydrological and meteorological threats are presented herein. Special emphasis is placed on systems based on the post-processing of deterministic numerical weather forecasts in the real-time mode. The importance of climate and weather forecasting models in providing warnings against slow and rapid onset rates e.g. drought and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants respectively, is discussed. It is strongly suggested that there is a need for systems, corresponding to crisis situations in the field of environmental hazards and/or human activities in general, that would be able to provide support and information about further possible scenarios with a projected state of both the environment and the possibility of the negative impact of various factors on the population (human communities). Since there are highly developed plans for the construction of a nuclear power plant in Poland, there is an urgent need to prepare adequate tools that will help avoid crisis situations, or at least to minimize their negative effects. The Early Warning System should be considered one such tool, to be used not only for its economic benefits, but also for pro-social areas of services responsible for the appropriate reaction to crisis events.
There is a growing tendency in frozen ready meals consumption both worldwide and also in Poland. Therefore, the proper safety and ąuality of these meals must be assured. The paper prouides guidance in the field of safety and ąuality parameters of frozen ready meals production. It also includes an example of ąuality management plan in frozen vegetables or uegetables and meat ready meals’ production. The plan u as deoeloped within the MONIQA (Monitoring and Quality Assurance) 6th Framework Programme Project by employees of National Food and Nutrition Institute in Poland and it was reoiewed by Greek frozen ready meals’producers.
Risk assessment is a tool to estimate food safety for health. It is also one of components of risk analysis. The aim of this paper was to analyze a chosen food chain “from field to table” and related potential hazards for human health. The material of the research were a feed production plant, a farm, a meat production plant and the distribution chain. The research method were audits and surveys in all links of the examined chain, verification of used food safety assurance systems as well as the analysis of product quality assessment data. On the basis of performed research, it was observed, that there are two main hazards to the safety of end-user products: Salmonella bacteria and mycotoxins.
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