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It was demonstrated that the content of essential oil in sweet basil depends on the level of nitrogen nutrition and on the term of herb harvest. The greatest content of the essential oil was found in herb harvested at the beginning of blooming using 0.9 g N/plant (0.6 g N pre-vegetation + 0.3 g N after the first harvest). After the fertilization levels: 0.9 g N and 1.2 g N/plant, the leaves of basil cv. Wala were characterized by the most desired aromatic discriminants: basil-like, sharp, spicy and herb-like.
The evaluation concerned usable parts of dill plants, cultivars Amat, Ambrozja, and Lukullus, grown in five cycles. The dill was sown on 10th April, 10th May, 10th June, 10th July, and 10th August. Harvesting was carried out when the plants were 25 cm in height, i.e. within 36-45 days of sowing. The basic discriminants of the chemical composition were determined in leaves of dill alone and in those with petioles. Leaves of dill when compared with leaves with petioles contained far greater amounts of dry matter, total sugars, dietary fibre, and total and protein nitrogen, smaller differences concerning ash, titration acidity, reducing sugars, and starch.
The fruit of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) is valuable raw material for food and pharmaceutical industries due to the content of anthocyanins, but also other components. The aim of this study was to estimate the content of dry matter, reducing sugars, vitamin C, anthocyanins and the antioxidant potential in black chokeberry fruits depending on the age of plants and the time of fruit harvest. Material for the study was collected in 2011 and 2012 from 6–7, 11–12 and 16–17-year-old plants. Fruits for analyses were harvested on 10–12 August, 29 August – 1 September, 11–13 September, 26–27 September, 11–14 October, 25–27 October. Fruits from the oldest plants contained 16–18% less anthocyanins and 8% less vitamin C, but 2.7 percentage points more dry matter than the fruits from younger plants. On the 29 August–1 September fruits achieved the maximum content of reducing sugars, vitamin C and anthocyanins, 13.7, 8.2 and 715.5 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The content of reducing sugars and anthocyanins stayed unchanged until the end of October, and the content of vitamin C decreased considerably. Antioxidative potential (DPPH) ranged from 77.0 to 85.2% inhibition and it did not depend on the age of harvest time of fruits. The most valuable chokeberry fruits were obtained from plants up to 12 years of age, harvested between 29 August and 13 September.
Capsaicinoids are secondary metabolites characteristic of plants of the genus Capsicum and are only found in the pepper fruit. Their biosynthesis occurs mainly in the placental cells as well as in the interlocular septa of the fruit. In the present study, the content of capsaicinoids (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) was determined by HPLC in two hot pepper cultivars (‘Orkan’ and ‘Bronowicka Ostra’), identifying the percentage of these compounds in the whole fruit and in the following fruit parts: placenta, seeds, pericarp, and pedicle. Significantly more capsaicinoids were found in ‘Bronowicka Ostra’ peppers (262 mg∙kg⁻¹) compared to ‘Orkan’ peppers (175 mg∙kg⁻¹). The highest capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content was found in the placenta (401 mg∙kg⁻¹). The capsaicin content in the whole fruit and its parts is on average more than 10 times higher in relation to the dihydrocapsaicin content. Fruit harvest time contributes to the differences in the capsaicinoid content in the individual fruit parts. A higher capsaicin content was shown in the pericarp and seeds, while the dihydrocapsaicin content was higher in the pedicle of peppers harvested at the later date.
One of the more important species of herbal plants, grown in many countries for medical and nutritional purposes is sweet marjoram. The marjoram herb is an abundant source of valuable biologically active substances and mineral components. Considering the vast application of this plant studies were undertaken on the assessment of growth and yielding of sweet marjoram, depending on harvest time. The studies were conducted in the years 2004–2005. The sweet marjoram plantation was established from seedlings produced in a glasshouse. The marjoram herb was collected in two harvest time: in mid July (beginning of flowering) and in early September. The yields of fresh, air dry and grated herb were assessed. The contents of essential oil in grated herb, as well as the mineral composition of the herb were determined. The significant effect of harvest time upon the yield of fresh, air-dried and grated herb was demonstrated: the greater yield was achieved in the second harvest time (early September). The herb collected at the beginning of September contained more essential oil than that cut in mid July. Total nitrogen content was significantly greater in marjoram herb from the first harvest than in that from the second harvest.
This paper presents analyses of the thermophysical and chemical properties of eleven perennial crop species harvested in one-year rotation cycles. The crops included four species grown for biomass in the form of straw, five species producing semi-wood biomass, and two species yielding wood biomass. The research comprised three consecutive crop harvests. In each harvesting season, biomass samples for analyses were taken on six dates at one-month intervals. Thermophysical and chemical properties of the biomass were significantly differentiated within the main experimental factors and their interactions. The biomass produced by Virginia mallow had the best quality parameters as solid fuel. In fact, it achieved the lowest water content and the highest lower heating value during all of the analyzed seasons and harvest dates. The biomass of the species yielding straw or semi-wood products attained better quality as solid fuel on later harvest dates. In turn, the quality of willow biomass remained practically unchanged between the harvest dates.
Wzrastające nawożenie azotowe miało istotny wpływ na plon ziela bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Najwyższy plon liści, łodyg oraz ziela uzyskano stosując dawkę 1.8 g N/roślinę (1.2 g przedwegetacyjnie + 0.6 g N/roślinę po I zbiorze). Plony zebrane w II terminie były wyższe od plonów z I terminu.
Influence of the harvest term of red clover on content of five isoflavones in leaves was examined in microfields experiment. It was found that the content of these compounds in leaves of red clover collected in flowering stage was the same as in clover collected in the budding stage, in the first cut. In the second cut the isoflavone content was determined by phase of plant development. The level of formononetin, biochanin A and pratensein in the second cut was higher than in the first cut, but the content of daidzein and genistein was lower. The cutting date of the first cut can influence on the isoflavone content at the second cut. Tetraploid varieties acumulated more isoflavones than diploid varieties.
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