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1

Body weights of the Cape hare Lepus capensis in the northern China

100%

Lu X.

Acta Theriologica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 2

This paper analyzed body weights of the Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 in northern China during 1990-1993. Body weight of the hares increased faster in the first five months of life. The juveniles with the same eye lens weight weighed less in spring-summer than in autumn, in the southern region than in the northern. The overwintering females increased weight with reproduction, the older of which gained more, In autumn-winter, body weights of adult females and males in the whole study region were 2.29 ± 0.05 and 2.11 ± 0.06 kg respectively. Body weight of the overwintering hares varied seasonally. At the beginning of the breeding season female was the lightest while male the heaviest, and then female became heavier and male lighter. Regardless of age, area and season, females were usually heavier than males.

2

Chemical composition of digestive tract contents and characteristics of femur bone of brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas,1778)

86%

Jamroz D., Kubizna J.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Veterinary Medicine

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2010

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tom 13

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nr 4

3

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Amplification of capsid gene of European brown hare syndrome virus by reserve transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction

86%

Chrobocinska M.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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1998

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tom 42

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nr 2

The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify the first part or full capsid gene (VP60) of EBHSV and RHDV. The fragment covered full capsid gene and the most part of gene contained in ORF2 of EBHSV was also obtained. The specificity of PCR products was checked by digestion with restriction enzymes.

4

On the Sarcocysts of two further Sarcocystis species being new for the European hare

86%

Odening K., Wesemeier H. H., Bockhardt I.

Acta Protozoologica

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1996

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tom 35

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nr 1

5

Application of meat juice in diagnosis of brucellosis in hares and wild boars by ELISA

86%

Szulowski K., Pilaszek J., Iwaniak W.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2000

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tom 44

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nr 1

Meat juice and serum samples from hares and wild boars were used in the ELISA for the examination for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. A high correlation between meat juice ELISA and serum ELISA was obtained. All 9 meat juice samples from hares with anatomopathological lesions characteristic of brucellosis (from 8 animals Brucella was isolated) were positive in the ELISA, similarly as sera. Out of 46 remaining hares only 1 reacted positively in the meat juice ELISA and it was not confirmed by the serum ELISA and other methods. As concerns the material from wild boars 12.3% of sera (out of 933 samples) and 13.7% of meat juice samples ( out of 336) were positive in the ELISA. Among 48 serum and meat juice samples coming from the same animals, 6 samples were positive both in the serum ELISA and meat juice ELISA and 42 were negative. The meat juice ELISA proved to be a valuable method for testing both hares and wild boars for anti-Brucella antibodies.

6

Morphology of European brown hare [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778] semen

86%

Kozdrowski R., Dubiel A., Dzimira S.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2006

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tom 50

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nr 3

7

Home ranges of brown hares in a natural salt marsh: comparisons with agricultural systems

86%

Kunst P. J. G., Van der Wal R., Van Wieren S.

Acta Theriologica

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2001

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tom 46

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nr 3

This is the first study on spatial behaviour of brown hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 based on radio-telemetry in a natural system, which we contrast with data from agricultural systems. Radio tracking took place in a Dutch salt marsh over a 10-month period, with intensive tracking sessions during April/May and December/January. Six hares could be followed in both periods and in total 1224 fixes were collected. Average home range size was calculated as 28.7 ± 8.5 ha when using Adaptive Kernell method (Mimimum Convex Polygon: 27.3 ± 9.0 ha) on 90% of all fixes. Such values are in the lower end of the range of those obtained for agricultural systems. Home range size did not differ between sexes, day and night, or across seasons. However, the size of the core range (50% of fixes) was twice as large in May compared to the winter period, and thus inversely related to food availability. Unlike in agricultural systems, use of space by hares did not change over the course of the season. This probably reflects the patchy nature of the natural habitat which provides food and shelter throughout the year in a confined area.

8

Diagnosis of Brucella suis infections in pigs and hares by ELISA

86%

Szulowski K.

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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1999

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tom 02

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nr 2

Two ELISA kits for diagnosis of Brucella suis infections in pigs and hares were evaluated. The evaluation was performed by comparison of the results obtained in the ELISA with those in traditional serological methods. To evaluate the ELISA for testing pig sera, 100 samples from pigs from infected herds, 40 samples from pigs from doubtful herds and 18 672 sera from healthy pigs monitored for brucellosis were involved. As concerns the ELISA for testing hare sera, samples from 16 animals suspected of Brucella infection (in this number 12 hares revealed clinical or anatomopathological lesions characteristic of brucellosis), 8 samples from healthy hares and 1 120 samples from hares monitored for anti-Brucella antibodies were involved. The ELISA has proved to be more specific than the RBT when testing pig sera and more sensitive in testing both pig and hare sera. A high correlation between the ELISA and CFT was found. All 97 pig sera positive or doubtful in the CFT reacted positively in the ELISA, whereas only 1 serum out of 99 positive in the ELISA was negative in the CFT. Out of 53 sera hare sera positive in the ELISA, 51 revealed the anti-Brucella antibodies in the CFT (the remaining 2 were not tested). The ELISA proved to be a valuable and appropriate method for testing both pigs and hares for Brucella suis infections.

9

Developmental stability and canalization of limb bones of brown hares Lepus europaeus with varying levels of heterozygosity

86%

Sert H., Suchentrunk F., Ludescher B., Hacklander K.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 2

We have studied fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as indicator of developmental stability, and between-individual variation, as surrogate of developmental canalization (DC), in long bones (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia) of 72 wild-living adult-sized brown haresLepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 with variable individual heterozygosity (H).H was calculated from 13 polymorphic allozyme loci. According to the “over-dominance hypothesis”, we expected increased developmental stability and canalization at higherH-levels. But at the individual level we did not find any significant correlation between overall FA (FAI) andH. Also, standard deviations (SD) of mean length (over both body sides) of bones did not differ between individuals from two intentionally created groups of hares, namely one with high and one with lowH. FA-indices and variances of FA-indices of bone lengths did not differ significantly when compared between two intentionally created groups of hares with high and low SD of bone lengths, respectively. These latter findings suggest that developmental stability and DC are two separate or partly separate mechanisms of developmental homeostasis in the studied appendicular skeleton, and thatH has no traceable effect on develop-mental homeostasis. If there is still such an effect, it should be clearly smaller than a possibly combined effect of (presently uncontrolled) environmental stressors.

10

Reproduction in European hare in a Danish farmland

86%

Hansen K.

Acta Theriologica

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1992

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tom 37

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nr 1-2

In order to assess the reasons for a 60% decline of the bag record of hares in Denmark during the last three dccades, reproduction in Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 was studied in a location in Funen (Denmark) during April 1984 - March 1987. The breeding season was initiated around 1 January and lasted until September - October. In 1985 and 1986, 18.17c and 25.1% of the females delivered four litters, while three litters was maximum in 1984; but 13.6% - 21.4% of the females did not breed at all. The average number oflitters produced per adult female was 1.93, 2.54, and 2.51 in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively; average litter sizes were 2.11, 2.33 and 2.06 in the survey years. For the whole study period, the average sizes of litters 1-4 were 1.51, 2.54, 2.53 and 1.71, respectively. During the shooting seasons the hare bags in the study area indicated 1.27, 1.64 and 1.01 young per female shot jn 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively. Postnatal mortality was calculatcd to be 68.0%, 72.3% and 80.6% in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively. The results indicate a relatively poor reproductive success due to a poor production of young and a high postnatal mortality. Shortage of sufficient nutrients in modern farming systems during the mid summer period may be a plausible explanation of these findings.

11

Spatial distribution of brown hare Lepus europaeus populations in habitats of various types of agriculture

86%

Lewandowski K., Nowakowski J. J.

Acta Theriologica

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1993

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tom 38

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nr 4

In 1987 - 1990 an investigation was made on the spatial structure of brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 populations using the transect routes method. The investigation was carried out in two different parts of Poland that differed in the character of agriculture: 1 - northeastern with large fields of state farms, and II - east- central with small fields of individual farmers. The results indicate that independently of the agrarian structure, the distribution of hares in crops corresponds to their percentage share in the region, with exception of rape fields, which show a tendency to be avoided. There was also a significant relationship between the spatial distribution of the hare and the habitat diversity - highly variegated fields are more consistently inhabited by hares. Besides, hares show a distinct tendency to prefer areas close to the field margins. Positively oblique distance distributions between the individuals and the margins of field crops are particularly strongly expressed in the region of a highly monotonous crop species. It may be expected that a change in type of farming by passing to the large-fields and continuous cropping is one of the factors that make it difficult for the hare to utilize the space within the habitat.

12

Survival and causes of death among released brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) in Central Poland

72%

Misiorowska M., Wasilewski M.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 4

We describe the results of our research on population dynamics among brown hares reared in enclosures and then released into suitable natural habitat. Radio-tracking was used to follow the fate of 60 released brown hares over a 4-year period, extending between November 2005 and November 2009. The survival rate among these animals after 12 months was estimated to be 37 %, with 22 tagged individuals surviving beyond 1 year post-release. The highest (40 %) level of mortality characterised the first month after release, while a second period of enhanced mortality coincided with the breeding season (altogether accounting for a 20 % mortality rate). There was no significant relationship between body mass and mortality rate in the first month following release. A natural cause of death was predation by mammals, which accounted for some 31 % of all losses. Remaining causes were poaching (13 %), hits by vehicles (7 %) and unidentified causes (9 %). However, in at least 40 % of cases, it was not possible to determine the date when a released animal died, to say nothing of the cause of death.

13

Variation in the arteries of the aortic arch in European brown hare [Lepus europaeus]

72%

Brudnicki W., Macherzynska A., Nowicki W.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Veterinary Medicine

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2007

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tom 10

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nr 1

14

Habitat overlap between sympatric European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

72%

Vidus-Rosin A., Meriggi A., Cardarelli E., Serrano-Perez S., Mariani M.-C., Corradelli C., Barba A.

Acta Theriologica

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2011

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tom 56

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nr 1

In northern Italy, the range of the Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) largely overlaps with that of the native European hare (Lepus europaeus) on the Po Plain. Both species appear to have similar habitat requirements. We studied habitat selection by hares and cottontails during feeding activity from September 2006 to August 2007 in two areas where they occur alone (allopatry) and in one area where they occur together (sympatry). The three areas were basically similar, so that shifts in habitat use observed in sympatry should reflect the response to interspecific competition. Habitat selection was examined at micro- and macro-habitat levels throughout seasons. Habitat breadth of both species followed the change of resource availability through seasons in allopatry as well as in sympatry. No shifts in habitat use were evident at macro-habitat level, even during autumn which was the limiting season. Exploitation of shared habitats by the two species seems to be promoted by differential micro-habitat use within macro-habitat types. Cottontails used woods with dense understory in greater proportion than hares, and their present sites were concentrated within the maximum distance of 20 m of the nearest shelter site. Hares were more likely than cottontails to exploit crops, and their sites were distributed even greater than 80 m away from permanent cover patches. The habitat heterogeneity of agricultural ecosystems within the sympatry range could buffer the negative effects of external factors (climate, human disturbance and predation) on hares, and enhance the chances of exploitation of shared habitats by both species.

15

Haematological and biochemical blood parameters and acid-base balance parameters of the arteliar blood of free-living and caged European brown hares (Lepus europeaus)

72%

Nicpon J., Slawuta P., Noszczyk-Nowak A.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2010

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tom 54

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nr 4

The comparative study was performed on 200 European brown hares. Group I consisted of 35 clinically healthy hares kept in cages. Group II comprised 165 clinically healthy hares caught alive in their natural environment. Following the premedication, arterial and venous blood was drawn from the hares of the two groups studied. In the arterial blood, the acid-base balance (ABB) parameters were determined - blood pH, pCO₂, t CO₂, HCO₃⁻, BB, and BE. In the venous blood, the activity of AST, ALT, and FA, concentration of urea, creatinine, total protein, albumins, globulins, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, WBC, RBC, Hb, and Ht were determined. In addition, concentrations of Ca²⁺, P, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ were measured in the blood serum. It was demonstrated that only the contents of globulins and triglycerides were similar in groups I and II. Concentration of electrolytes and ABB parameters were close to each other in the two studied groups, except for concentration of Mg²⁺ and inorganic P, and CO₂ molecular pressure. In the light of the obtained results a question remains opened: whether successful breeding, understood as an increase in the number of offspring of the reintroduced individuals, is more likely to occur in the case of animals caught alive and, adapted to living in their natural environment, or in the case of caged animals.

16

Are papillomaviruses a reason of pathomorphological changes in brain of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Poland?

72%

Kalisinska E., Myslek P., Bartyzel B., Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A.

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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2001

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tom 04

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nr 1

17

A method to estimate body mass and relative age of exotic lagomorphs in the Southern Neotropics

72%

Donadio E., Pauli J. N., Bonino N.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 1

Exotic prey species can dramatically alter trophic interactions by functionally replacing native prey species. This pattern has been observed in the southern Neotropics, where introduced haresLepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and rabbitsOryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) have become the staple prey for native predators. Despite their importance as prey, no data are available on the mass and relative age of the lagomorphs on which native predators feed. We used linear regression models to predict the mass of lagomorphs from their hind-foot length, and investigated the influence of sex, season, and collection site on this relationship. Hind-foot length was a good predictor of body mass for both species and accounted for 58.4 and 71.6% of the variability in body mass for hares and rabbits, respectively. Sex and season significantly influenced the relationship, whereas the effect of collection site was negligible. Hind-foot length was also a good predictor of age class for hares and rabbits, allowing the discrimination between nonreproductive and reproductive classes for both species. Future research can use this method to determine the biomass and age class of exotic lagomorphs consumed by predators.

18

Restriction analysis of capsid protein gene fragment of two Polish strains of European brown hare syndrome virus

72%

Chrobocinska M.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2000

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tom 44

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nr 2

Polish strains of EBHS virus isolated in 1992 (NP11/92) and in 1988 (L/98) were compared with standard Italian and French strains by restriction analysis of fragment coding the first part of capsid protein (VP60). The 726 bp fragment of capsid protein gene of strains tested was obtained by RT-PCR. The digestion of 726 bp fragments by BamH I endonuclease, revealed the same restriction profile for strain L/98 as Italian standard strain. These fragments of strain NP11/92 and French standard strain were not digested by BamH I. Endonuclease Sma I did not digested the amplified fragment of strains tested. The 726 bp fragment of strain L/98 demonstrated different restriction profiles for BsuR I and Hpa II enzymes in comparison with strain NP11/92 and standard strains. These results revealed differences in restriction profiles of fragment coding the first part of VP60 of Polish strains in comparison with standard strains and also between two Polish strains isolated in 1992 and 1998. These differences suggest the possibility of genotype changes of Polish EBHS strains isolated in different years.

19

Relationships between density of brown hare Lepus europaeus and landscape structure in Poland in the years 1981-1995

72%

Panek M., Kamieniarz R.

Acta Theriologica

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1999

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tom 44

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nr 1

The relationships between the density of brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and landscape structure were analysed on the basis of data collected for 11 study areas between 1991 and 1994, and hunting reports from all the 49 provinces of Poland covering the period 1981-1995. The average autumn density of hares in study areas (8-28 ind/km2, estimated by strip census) decreased with the number of forest edges and increased with the number of permanent cover areas per km of transects. In the provinces of the country, the hare abundance index (hunting bag, ranging from 0.07 to 5.18 ind/km2) decreased with both the proportion of large fields and forests in all the years. The negative effects of large fields and forests on the hare abundance index increased in the study period.

20

Predation of foxes on a hare population in central Poland

72%

Goszczynski J., Wasilewski M.

Acta Theriologica

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1992

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tom 37

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nr 4

The relationship between foxes Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and hares Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) was investigated in central Poland. The consumption of hares by foxes was the highest (up to 50% of biomass eaten) during the spring seasons. The negative correlation between small mammal and hare consumption by foxes was recorded throughout the study. Lack of small mammals in spring as well as low temperatures and deep snow cover in winter intensified the fox hunting on hares. The reduction of hares by foxes was about 16% during spring to autumn and 8% in winter. Predators were responsible for 50% of the total mortality of adult hares. By snow- tracking of foxes it was established that the mean distance between successful hunts on hares was 263 km of fox trail. Foxes captured on average one hare every 19 days. About 7% hare hunts by foxes were successful.

Ograniczanie wyników

Body weights of the Cape hare Lepus capensis in the northern China

Chemical composition of digestive tract contents and characteristics of femur bone of brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas,1778)

Amplification of capsid gene of European brown hare syndrome virus by reserve transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction

On the Sarcocysts of two further Sarcocystis species being new for the European hare

Application of meat juice in diagnosis of brucellosis in hares and wild boars by ELISA

Morphology of European brown hare [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778] semen

Home ranges of brown hares in a natural salt marsh: comparisons with agricultural systems

Diagnosis of Brucella suis infections in pigs and hares by ELISA

Developmental stability and canalization of limb bones of brown hares Lepus europaeus with varying levels of heterozygosity

Reproduction in European hare in a Danish farmland

Spatial distribution of brown hare Lepus europaeus populations in habitats of various types of agriculture

Survival and causes of death among released brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) in Central Poland

Variation in the arteries of the aortic arch in European brown hare [Lepus europaeus]

Habitat overlap between sympatric European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

Haematological and biochemical blood parameters and acid-base balance parameters of the arteliar blood of free-living and caged European brown hares (Lepus europeaus)

Are papillomaviruses a reason of pathomorphological changes in brain of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Poland?

A method to estimate body mass and relative age of exotic lagomorphs in the Southern Neotropics

Restriction analysis of capsid protein gene fragment of two Polish strains of European brown hare syndrome virus