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The food sector is constantly reformulating, adjusting to technological changes, consumer needs, trends and habits. In recent years the local food system approach applied in rural development has gained much popularity.Consuming locally produced food is not only a matter of health care or fashion, but also environmental protection, sustainable rural development or identification with tradition and cultural heritage. In this study, local food systems have been reviewed explaining the significance of short supply chains and direct sale. The main part of the article aims to focus on open-air markets in Poland as the most popular form of direct sale. The arguments presented in this article indicate that open-air trade has a positive effect on the development of local food markets and the local economy as a whole.
The aim of our study was to analyze the relationships between health behaviours and quality of life. Research was conducted on a sample of 144 women in the third trimester of pregnancy, participating in antenatal classes. The tools used for investigation of health behaviour was Health Behaviour Inventory and for the quality of life was Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQoL-Bref). The analysis of results between women with high, average and low General Index of Intensity of Health Behaviours (GIIHB) showed statistically relevant difference in quality of life only in the Environment domain ( p ≤ 0.05). Depending on GIIHB, there are different correlations between categories of health behaviours and quality of life. The present research confirmed the existence of correlations between health behaviours and perceived quality of life among pregnant women participating in antenatal classes. The observed correlations show a need for further investigation and taking into account also other individual and socio-economic factors.
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Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths

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Although living sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) are represented by only two genera, their fossil relatives form a large and diverse group. The evolution of hypsodonty, the crown height of a tooth, has traditionally been viewed as a response to dietary shifts toward abrasive vegetation. But recent work indicates that hypsodonty is also due to the higher prevalence of grit and dust in more open environments. The teeth of sloths are both high−crowned and open−rooted, or hypselodont, but distinctions between the selective factors acting to produce differing degrees of hypsodonty have not been rigorously considered. A comparative analysis of hypsodonty was performed in eleven species of Pleistocene sloths. It suggests that differences in hypsodonty may be explained by dietary preferences, habitat and habits. Among mylodontids, morphologic and biomechanical analyses indicate that hypsodonty was unlikely to be due solely to feeding behavior, such as grazing. Some mylodontids (e.g., Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Lestodon armatus, Glossotherium robustum, Mylodon darwini) were capable diggers that likely dug for food, and ingestion of abrasive soil particles probably played a considerable role in shaping their dental characteristics. Increased hypsodonty over time in Paramylodon harlani, however, is apparently due to a change in habitat from closed to more open environments. Geographical distributions of the megatheriids Eremotherium and Megatherium indicate differing habitats as possible factors in hypsodonty differences. In summary, among Tardigrada hypsodonty is apparently affected by diet, habitat and habit. The absence of enamel must be responsible for much of the hypsodonty observed in xenarthrans, which obscures the interpretation of contribution of each of the mentioned factors.
The paper presents two species of hyphomycetous fungi, presumably Mycosphaerella anamorphs, recently collected in central and north-eastern Poland. Habit and morphology, illustrated with macro- and microphotographs, and worldwide distribution of the species are characterized. Both species have been collected in Poland for the first time.
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