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On the basis of dissections of 32 temporal bones of the guinea pig, measurements were taken of selected size parameters of the temporal bone. The measurements performed included external and internal size parameters of the bone. Among these were the following: the length, width and height of the external and internal auditory meatus, the length of the incudomallear complex, the height of the attic, the full length and height of the tympanic cavity and the parameters characterising the localisation of the external orifice of the facial nerve. The semicircular canals are relatively large, the lateral canal being the largest and the posterior the smallest. The length of the spiral canal of the cochlea does not exceed 16 mm. It is worth noting that both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani only exceed 1 mm in the basal turn, decreasing significantly in the further turns to as little as decimal parts of a millimetre. This should be taken into account during all tests which require the introduction of examining instruments into the cochlear scala.
The characteristic features of guinea pig amygdala (CA), as shown by volumetric comparisons of the individual nuclei, are the poor development of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei as well as the strong formation of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei. The central (CE), cortical (CO) and medial (ME) nuclei also appear to be well represented in this species. All these features are even more pronounced when the total number of neurons in the nuclei referred to was taken into consideration. A comparison of the densities of neurons in the individual nuclei with the mean numerical density of cells in the guinea pig CA indicates that the densities of neurons in LA, BL, BM, CE and CO are significantly lower than the mean (p < 0.05), whereas in the ME and NLOT these values are significantly higher than the mean (p < 0.05). It is noteworthy, that the densities of the neurons in CE and CO do not differ statistically from each other (p > 0.05) and are significantly higher than the respective values in LA, BL and BM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a similar division of the guinea pig CA may to some extent be made using the size parameters of the amygdaloid neurons as a marker. Interestingly, the large neurons populate organised CA areas like LA, BL and BM less densely, whereas the small cells create ME and NLOT, where the neurons are densely arranged. CE and CO occupy intermediate positions, with the neurons similar in size to the mean for the guinea pig CA.
The studies were carried out on the subthalamus of adult guinea pigs. Golgi impregnation, Nissl and Klüver-Barrera methods were used for the study. In Nissl stained sections the subthalamic neuronal population consists of multipolar, fusiform, oval and pear-shaped perikarya. In two studied areas: nucleus subthalamicus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI) three types of neurons were distinguished. Type I, multipolar neurons with quadrangular, triangular or oval perikarya. They have 3–6 primary dendrites wich run slightly wavy and spread out in all directions. Type II, bipolar neurons with fusiform or semilunar perikarya, they have two primary dendrites. Type III, pear-shaped neurons with 1–2 dendritic trunks arising from one pole of the neuron. In all types of neurons axon emerges from the perikaryon or initial segment of a dendritic trunk and can be followed at a maximum distance of about 50 μm.
The neurons of the mamillary body of adult guinea pigs were classified into four types: Type 1 — unidendritic cells with rounded perikarya (7–16 µm) and one thick primary dendrite, mostly dividing into tortuous secondary branches; Type 2 — bipolar cells: curly or simple ones with fusiform perikarya (13–22 µm); the curly-bipolar neurons possess 2 primary dendrites which may divide, even into tertiary dendrites, but each of them runs in screw-like or bending patterns; the simple-bipolar neurons have slender dendrites following a more straight route; Type 3 -multipolar cells with cap-like perikarya (10–20 µm) and 2–3 dendritic trunks originating from the base of the perikaryon and running in a wavy pattern; sometimes their dendrites possess spiny-like protrusions; Type 4 — multipolar cells with triangular or quadrangular perikarya (13–28 µm) and 3–4 dendritic trunks, poorly ramified, having a rather rectilinear course. In all types of neurons, dendritic spines are absent or rare. The majority of these neurons have a short impregnated axon originating from the perikaryon or primary dendrite.
Allergic rhinitis is a common cause of chronic cough. Topical corticosteroids are regarded as the most effective first-time treatment in allergic rhinitis. In this study we evaluated the cough sensitivity during the early and late allergic responses in guinea pigs with experimental allergic rhinitis. Another aim of the study was to follow up the effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on the cough in guinea pigs with allergic rhinitis. 31 guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA). Animals were intranasally challenged with OA (experiment) or saline (control) in 7-day intervals for 9 weeks. Cough was induced by inhalation of citric acid aerosols in gradually increasing concentrations for 30 s and was evaluated 1 h after the 8th nasal challenge (NCH) and 17 h after the 9th NCH. Cough was significantly increased only during an early allergic response, 1 h after repeated NCH [18 (14-23) vs. 8 (3-10); P<0.001]. Five experimental animals were inhaling aerosol of beclomethasone dipropionate seven days between the 8th and the 9th NCH and cough was evaluated 1 h after the 9th NCH. Inhaled corticosteroids significantly inhibited the enhanced allergic rhinitis related cough [4 (1-9) vs.19 (9-37) vs. 6 (3-9); P<0.05].
1. The evaluation of still more pretentious and complicated methods is accompanied by a decline of methodical knowledge outside of the own technical field. Interpretations or extrapolations are taken as granted without critical examination of the methodical steps applied. An example is given by re-evaluating the ⁴⁵Ca release from isolated cardiac tissue and the possible interpretations. 2. ⁴⁵Ca release and tissue Ca content were measured in isolated guinea-pig left atria during Ca equilibrium and under conditions known to induce net Ca movements. 3. At equilibrium condition (1.8 mM Na²⁺ ₀)3 exponential phase of ⁴⁵Ca release from the atria were observed. The compartments contained 61%, 29% and 10% of total ⁴⁵Ca; the were 2, 12 and 90 min, respectively. 4. The release of ⁴⁵Ca from the slowly exchanging compartment (t½ 90 min) decreased during incubation in nominal Ca-free solution, although a net loss of tissue Ca occurred. Addition of EGTA (5 x 10⁻⁵ M) to the washout medium abolished this retardation of ⁴⁵Ca release. 5. At external Na⁺ concentrations below 40 mM (substituted by sucrose), the ⁴⁵Ca release from the slowly exchanging compartment decreased. Simultaneously, the tissue Ca content increased massively. The ⁴⁵Ca release was further reduced in Na-poor, nominal Ca-free solution. Under both conditions, the presence of EGTA in the washout medium normalized the rate of ⁴⁵Ca release. 6. The results suggest that the apparent decline of ⁴⁵Ca release from intact atria upon reduction of the external Ca and Na concentration does not reflect a decrease of the cellular efflux rate, but is the consequence of an enhanced re-uptake of ⁴⁵Ca from the extracellular space into the myocardial cells. The probability for the released ⁴⁵Ca either to escape into the organ bath or to become reabsorbed depends on the specific radioactivity of ⁴⁵Ca in the extracellular space during the washout phase. Thus, this experimental procedure is not suited to demonstrate a Na-Ca exchange at the cardiac sarcolemma.
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