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Variety of traits important in diagnostics and epidemiology of pathogenic microorganisms may change due to antibiotics. Movement ability, that is characteristic for every serovar except from Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum, is important to salmonellas. In own experiments using semi-fluid MSRV medium, it was found that a decrease in salmonella sensibility to selected antibiotics and chemiotherapeutics due to passage might lead to weakening of its movement ability. Movement ability of all strains (S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin, S. Typhimurium) after passage with amoxycillin, neomycin, Colistin and enrofloxacin became weakened as compared to results achieved before passage. The strongest inhibition of movement ability was most often observed in strains after passage on medium with Colistin. It seems to be associated with the action mechanism of the antibiotic. Colistin injuries cellular membranes, where flagella (active motoric organ of Salmonella) are anchored. Appearance of drug-resistance as a result of passage at the presence of antibiotics may cause variability of biochemical properties of Salmonella rods and leads to weakening of movement ability of ciliated Salmonella.
Experiment with silage maize was established in 2002. Two hybrids were compared: early hybrid Birko (FAO 210) and middle early hybrid Etendard (FAO 260). Sum of effective temperatures was observed during vegetation period. There was confirmed significant dependence of sum of effective temperatures on dry matter production dynamic of silage maize. Based on study of this indicator is possible to assign optimal term of harvesting for specific hybrid on specific stand. Significant difference of dry matter content of variously matured hybrids is reached at the end of vegetation period.
In recent years extensive attention has been given to the Rubus genus, but knowledge on the ecology of most of its species, including rhythmic development, is still insuffi cient. Such data may have practical applications, since blackberry species are economically important. The goal of the study was to analyse phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems in 10 Rubus species of different systematic affi nity (belonging to two subspecies and three sections), growing in the Dendrological Garden of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. Some habitat factors were also taken into consideration. Field investigations were carried out for three growing seasons. The plants were evaluated for phenology twice a week, while the length of their stems was measured once a week. Diff erences were observed in the seasonal rhythm of individual species. Weather factors distinctly infl uenced the course of development phases in all the Rubus species. Drought during the growing season caused fl owering disorders, withering of fruit, earlier autumn leaf coloration, and fall of leaves. Rubus idaeus and R. fabrimontanus ripened all of their fruits each year of observations and seemed to be the most adapted for fruit production. Rubus fabrimontanus, R. kuleszae and R. praecox were the most vigorous species with reference to shoot growth. This study revealed that only some species were fully acclimated to the conditions of the Dendrological Garden, since they successfully completed their entire fl owering and fruiting cycles.
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This article is targeted at describing the issue of the renewable energy, its role in today's society and economy and the impact on economic activity on a regional level. RES investments in recent years have shown significant growth dynamics. Due to the nature and characteristics of RES investments, they play a particularly meaningful role at the local level. In particular, features such as local nature and modularity stress the benefits at regional level, rather than at the global one. The author, in addition to the presentation of statistical data in the field of RES investments, shall also attempt to assess the conditions and benefits of the development of RES.
Solidago species are one of the most widespread invasive species in Europe. In Central Europe, vegetation dominated by alien goldenrods can occupy vast areas. Their presence causes a decrease in the biodiversity level of numerous groups of organisms (plants, birds and insects). Alien Solidago also disturb biogeochemical cycles, as well as the primary productivity in infested ecosystems. In Central Europe, four alien Solidago species are considered as naturalized plants: late goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), Canadian goldenrod (S. canadensis L.), tall goldenrod (S. gigantea Aiton), and grass-leaved goldenrod (S. graminifolia (L.) Elliot. = Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.). To analyse the dynamics of the growth and flowering of Solidago species, an experiment was conducted in which the goldenrods were planted in pots. We examined the life history traits, which are treated as being strongly connected with the invasive abilities of these species. The height, number of ramets and percentage of flowered plants were noted at ten-day intervals from May to November over a period of four years. Two native species, often co-occurring with alien goldenrods, were analysed for comparison: European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). The analysed species reached their maximal height during the second and third years of the experiment. The highest ramets were noted in the case of Solidago altissima, S. canadensis and S. gigantea. A group of lower plants consisted of Solidago graminifolia, together with the native species S. virgaurea and T. vulgare. The number of ramets formed by S. graminifolia was more than two times larger than in the case of other species. All of the analysed species flowered during the time of observation but, grass-leaved goldenrod, was the only one among the alien species which flowered in all pots and 100% of individuals produced mature seeds. Its phenology (early flowering and seed ripening) was more similar to native species’ than to other alien Solidago. Our results suggest Solidago graminifolia has strong competitive abilities; however, its range is very limited. The reasons for the slow spread of this species in Europe – other than competitive limitations – should be considered.
This paper presents results of analysis of the dynamics of growth and development of beech stands in the lower subalpine zone in the Bieszczady National Park from the point of view of size-volume interrelationships of the following three main forest-forming processes: thickness increment, the process of trees dying off in stands and growing of young trees to reach the layer of the manure stand. The obtained results confirmed that the examined beech forests exhibit similarity with multigenerational, complex forests of primeval character. An argument in favour of this includes in particular: high stand volume, good forest health condition and a positive relationship between the process of tree survival (volume increment and ingrowth) and the decrement process. The wide peak distance of culminations of two traits is characteristic too: the number of trees in the lowest diameter subclass and the volume in the diameter subclass several intervals higher.
Population dynamics in batch and continuous culture of Shigella flexneri 3b lysogenic for plaque-less phage X and sensitive to this phag lb serovars have been determined. The abrupt change in the fraction of lysogens resulting from the death, especially of sensitive cells, was observed. The death should result of spontaneous liberation of phage X as concluded from the growth dynamics of the sensitive strain infected with the phage containing bacteria-free filtrate of 3b lysogen. Basing on experimental data mathematical modelling of the dynamics with the use of the differential equation set has been proposed. In the models a qualitative relation between the strains and the phage, estimation of growth parameters and estimated growth curves are given.
Rhodiola Kirilowii (Regel) Maxim. (Crassulaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant used in North Asia and China, especially in the cardiopulmonary disorders in the hypoxic conditions induced by high altitude. The presented results are the part of the investigations carried out in the Branch of Medicinal Plants of the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in cooperation with the Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University in Warsaw on R. Kirilowii plants and tissue cultures. The aim of recent study was to determine the growth dynamics and active compounds production during the cultivation of callus tissues of R. Kirilowii on solid/liquid media. Tissue cultures of R. Kirilowii shown the ability to produce all the active compounds determined in the roots of plants of Polish origin. It is worth emphasizing, that rosavins, according to known literature, were not detected in roots of plants growing in Asia. The best time for collection the tissues from solid medium was fifth or sixth week of the culture – the tissues were growing dynamically and the contents of the main active compounds was high. The material from suspension should be collected in 12–15 days after inoculation. The obtained results will be applied in future investigations on the use of R. Kirilowii extracts in the experimental hypoxia in rats.
Określono wpływ terminu pobierania próbek glebowych do analiz (związanego z fazą rozwojową kukurydzy) oraz zastosowania zabiegu deszczowania na dynamikę wzrostu wybranych grup mikroorganizmów glebowych. Obiekt doświadczalny zlokalizowano na terenie Zakładu Doświadczalno-Dydaktycznego w Złotnikach, należącego do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, na glebie płowej typowej, klasy bonitacyjnej IVa i IVb, kompleksu przydatności rolniczej żytniego bardzo dobrego i żytniego dobrego i przeprowadzono w 2009 roku. Eksperyment stanowiły poletka doświadczalne deszczowane i niedeszczowane pod uprawą kukurydzy z przeznaczeniem na CCM. Próbki glebowe do analiz pobierano z losowo wybranych miejsc z warstwy ornej międzyrzędzi (0-20 cm) w 6 terminach w sezonie wegetacyjnym kukurydzy: przed siewem roślin (I), w fazie 2-3 liści (II), w fazie 7-8 liści (III), w fazie wyrzucania wiech (IV), w fazie dojrzałości mlecznej (V) i po zbiorze roślin (VI). Zabieg deszczowania stosowano w okresie wegetacji roślin, kiedy wilgotność gleby spadała poniżej poziomu 70% polowej pojemności wodnej. Liczebność mikroorganizmów oznaczano metodą płytkową na podłożach wybiórczych: ogólną liczebność bakterii na 2% podłożu agarowym na wyciągu glebowym, bakterii z rodzaju Azotobacter - na podłożu Jensena, bakterii z rodzaju Pseudomonas - na podłożu Kinga, promieniowców - na podłożu Pochona oraz grzybów - na podłożu Martina. Posiewy zostały wykonane w 5 powtórzeniach, a liczbę poszczególnych grup drobnoustrojów przeliczano na 1 g s.m. gleby i wyrażano w jednostkach tworzących kolonie (jtk). Analizę statystyczną wyników wykonano za pomocą programu Statistica 8.0. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ fazy rozwojowej kukurydzy i zastosowanego zabiegu deszczowania na liczebność badanych grup mikroorganizmów. Wyższą liczebność drobnoustrojów (z wyjątkiem bakterii z rodzaju Azotobacter) w poszczególnych terminach analiz odnotowano na obiektach, gdzie nie stosowano zabiegu deszczowania.
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