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W badaniach określono wpływ ekstraktu z grejpfruta i fungicydu Miedzian 50 WP na zdrowotność grochu oraz na kształtowanie się populacji mikroorganizmów w ryzosferze tej rośliny. Liczba roślin wyrosłych z nasion zaprawianych Grevitem 200 SL bywa zbliżona, a nawet przewyższa, ale nie statystycznie istotnie, liczbę roślin uzyskanych po zastosowaniu fungicydu Miedzian 50 WP. Wartość indeksu porażenia roślin była najmniejsza po wykorzystaniu Grevitu 200 SL, ale statystycznie nie różniła się od tej dla Miedzianu 50 WP. Z porażonych roślin izolowano m. in. Alternaria alternata, F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Phoma eupyrena, Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani i Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Z ryzosfery izolowano m. in. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Gliocladium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., R. solani, S. sclerotiorum i Trichoderma spp. Liczebność bakterii ryzosferowych w kombinacjach z Grevitem 200 SL i Miedzianem 50 WP byáa istotnie większa, aniżeli w kombinacji kontrolnej. Odwrotna zależność wystąpiła w przypadku liczebność grzybów, ale statystycznie mniej grzybów wystąpiło w kombinacji z Grevitem 200 SL. Mikroorganizmy antagonistyczne dominowały w ryzosferze roślin wyrosłych z nasion zaprawianych Grevitem 200 SL.
Seed infection with Alternaria spp. is an important source of severe carrot diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of carrot seed treatments with acetic acid, grapefruit extract and volatile compounds of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils on their germination, vigour and health. Seeds of two samples were soaked for 30 min in 0.5, 1 and 2% acetic acid, 0.5 and 1% Biosept Active (33% of grapefruit extract), or treated for 72 h or 96 h with volatile compounds of fir and thyme oils individually (10 µl), and jointly (5+5 µl). Controls were untreated seeds and seeds soaked in distilled water. Acetic acid effectively controlled A. alternata and A. radicina in both samples, and did not affect adversely seed germination, however, at the highest concentration deteriorated seed vigour. Biosept Active was less effective, however at 1% concentration decreased seeds infestation with A. alternata in sample I, and at concentrations of 0.5 and 1% reduced percentages of seeds infested with A. alternata and A. radicina in sample II. Essential oils treatments in some cases favoured growth of A. dauci and A. radicina.
The objective of the work was to study the efficacy of carrot seed treatment with antagonistic microorganisms Clonostachys rosea, C. solani, and grapefruit extract (Biosept 33 SL™). Seeds were artificially inoculated with Alternaria radicina spores prior to treatment. The presence of fungi, seed germination and vigour were determined in laboratory tests, whereas seedling emergence and health were determined in sand and soil assays. Clonostachys spp. and grapefruit extract significantly reduced seed infestation with A. radicina and improved seed germination capacity. At a lower concentration of ioculum, treatment with Clonostachys spp. increased percentage of healthy plants in sand assay. At a higher concentration of inoculum, treatment with Biosept 33 SL™ at 0.5% was more effective. Inoculation with pathogen and, in most cases, the following treatments, did not affect total plant emergence in a soil assay. However, pathogen affected significantly a percentage of healthy plants. Treatment with Biosept 33 SL™ at 0.5% as well as with C. rosea increased their numbers significantly at both concentrations of inoculum.
Biological activity of chitosan in the form of a microcrystalline gel and of a hydrogel, as well as the activity of grapefruit extract were evaluated in vitro by means of measuring the growth inhibition and formation of morphological structures of four isolates of Seimatospo- rium hypericinum, obtained from leaves and stems of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). In addition, the effect of acybenzolar S-methyl was tested in climatic chamber conditions, when plants inoculated by S. hypericinum were protected. The studies carried out in vitro showed that both chitosan and grapefruit extract inhibited growth of pathogen colonies significantly. The studies confirmed the protective effect of chitosan, grapefruit extract and acybenzolar S-methyl in the case of St. John's wort plants inoculated by S. hypericinum. Chitosan and grapefruit extract proved to be the most effective when used preventively.
The aim of the study was to characterise caecal indices in rats fed diets supplemented with high doses (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2%) of a grapefruit commercial phenolic extract. Addition of the preparation caused an increase of wet mass of ceacal digesta. Dry matter content decreased from 22% to 7.0% and pH increased from 7.11 to 8.0 in the control group and experimental groups, respectively. Increased pH was a consequence of the lower concentration of volatile fatty acids in rats fed the extract (77 μmol/g in control animals versus 8-13 μmol/g in extract treatments). However, glycolytic microbiological activity, measured indirectly through the measurement of its enzyme activity, decreased only in rats fed a diet containing the lowest level of the preparation.
Amendment of potato-dextrose agar with grapefruit extract at dose 40μg/cm³ inhibited linear growth of Phytophthora cryptogea about 50%. At such concentration of the product in soil leachate formation of zoosporangia was inhibited about 95%. Application of grapefruit extract as peat drench reduced population density of the pathogen about 80% and this high activity was observed at least 30 days. The product inhibited in at least 50% the development of Phytophthora foot rot of gerbera when applied at 165 μg/cm³ of peat.
Influence of grapefruit extract (GE) on mycelial growth, spore germination, population density of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis and F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi and its effectiveness in the control of Fusarium wilt of carnation and Fusarium corm rot of gladiolus (F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli) was studied. Amendment of PDA with 40 μg of GE/cm³ inhibited mycelial growth about 50%. Drenching of carnation with 165 μg of GE/cm³, immediately after planting, resulted in drastical decrease of colony forming units number of the pathogen and increased healthiness plant stand about 50%. Applied as gladiolus corm soak, GE at conc. 660 μg/cm³ decreased development of Fusarium rot of gladiolus clones at least twice.
The purpose of the present work was to estimate the effectiveness of grapefruit extract and Pythium oligandrum in protection of common bean, runner bean and pea from soil-borne pathogenic fungi. The investigated preparations were used for seed dressing and spraying plants at the beginning of anthesis. The results pointed out that the applied products considerably improved emergence, healthiness and yielding of the examined plant species. Besides, Biosept 33 SL showed a better effect than Polyversum. Independently on the species, the fewest plants, with the greatest proportion of infected ones and the smallest yield of seeds were obtained from the untreated control. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were frequently isolated from infected roots and stem bases as well as from seeds of bean and pea. Fusarium oxysporum tuned out to be dominant. The proportion of the above listed fungi in the treatments with Biosept 33 SL or Polyversum was smaller than in the control. At the same time, the role of those fungi in infecting the plants of common bean, runner bean and pea treated with Biosept 33 SL was only a little smaller than after using Polyversum.
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