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Water erosion causes migration of the finest soil particles and chemical compounds. The paper attempts to compare the mechanical composition of sediments susceptible to water erosion on the hillslopes with different cover crops. The research was conducted on the experimental plots in Puczniew. Its results showed that the composition of the sediment washed out from the fallow land significantly differed from that washed out from the plots with grass and barley crops. In the case of fallow land, soil particles were markedly larger. This might indicate the existence of a very hard mineral fraction.
Since potassium is essential for plant nutrition, should this element be deficient in sewage sludge used for plant fertilization supplementary mineral potassium fertilization is necessary. The aim of the present study has been to evaluate the effect of fertilization with organic materials on maize yield, its potassium concentrations and the content of bioavailable forms of potassium in soil of different grain size distribution. The impact of fertilization on potassium concentrations in maize was examined in a 3-year, two-factor pot experiment (the factors were soil and fertilization). The grain size distribution of the test soil material was weakly loamy sand (psg), sandy silt loam (gpp) and medium silt loam (goep). Sewage sludge originated from two different municipal mechanical and biological sewage treatment plants. Mixtures of sewage sludge with peat were prepared at a gravimetric ratio 1:1 converted to material dry matter. For chemical analyses the plant material was mineralized in a muffle furnace (at 450oC for 5 hrs) and the remains were dissolved in diluted nitric acid. Bioavailable potassium was determined with Egner-Riehm method in the soil material, which was dried and sifted through a 1mm mesh sieve. Potassium was determined by flame photometry in solutions of the plant material and soil extracts. Fertilization with sewage sludge and mixtures with peat had a more positive effect on maize yield than fertilization with mineral salts. In comparison with organic materials supplied to the soil, mineral salt treatment significantly increased potassium content in maize biomass. Mineral supplementation of potassium introduced with organic materials and its balancing did not increase soil abundance in bioavailable potassium in comparison with the initial abundance, although a diversified soil response to the applied fertilization was observed.
The analysis of distribution of various forms of Cd, Pb, and Mn in the profile was carried out in Dystric Cambisols on the example of the Western Bieszczady soils (SE Poland). In the soil material, the grain size distribution was determined and the sequential analysis of cadmium, lead, and manganese was performed resulting in the following forms: F1 – exchangeable form; F2 – form bound with organic matter; F3 – form bound with manganese oxides; F4 – form bound with slightly crystalline iron oxides; F5 – form bound with crystalline iron oxides; F6 – residue. The contents of produced forms (Cd, Pb, Mn) determined in the particular textural groups differ substantially. The residual forms of cadmium, lead, and manganese dominated in almost all the textural groups of the soils examined. Also lead in the form bound with amorphous iron oxides showed an increased concentration in all the textural groups. The smallest content of lead and cadmium was determined in the form bound with manganese oxides, whereas the smallest content of manganese was determined in the form bound with organic matter.
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę wpływu uziarnienia gruntów niespoistych o nieciągłych (dwumodalnych) rozkładach uziarnienia na ich zagęszczalność. Zdolność do zagęszczania gruntów niespoistych zwykle oceniana jest na podstawie wskaźnika jednorodności uziarnienia (CU) lub łącznie na podstawie dwóch wskaźników uziarnienia − CU i wskaźnika krzywizny uziarnienia (CC). W przypadku gruntów o nieciągłych rozkładach uziarnienia wartości wskaźnika CC przeważnie są mniejsze od 0,5. Grunty te klasyfi - kowane są poza grupą gruntów dobrze zagęszczalnych – jako grunty źle uziarnione. Wyniki analiz prowadzonych z wykorzystaniem wskaźnika kształtu krzywej zagęszczalności (IC) wskazują, iż grunty o nieciągłych rozkładach uziarnienia – mimo niskich wskaźników krzywizny uziarnienia (CC) – mogą być uważane jako grunty dobrze zagęszczalne.
The subject of the research was unidimensional indices (characteristics) of mineral soil particle size distribution: mass fractal dimension of soil particle size distribution, grain-size distribution index, mean particle diameter and the product of the two latter. Among the four above-mentioned indices, the three former are known from previous studies and the latter was proposed by the authors. The work is an attempt to answer the question which of these indices best describes the granulometric composition of mineral soils as a factor differentiating the species composition of vegetation. The experimental area was a one hectare fallow composed of soils of five different tex-tural classes. The ruderal plant cover of the fallow was mechanically destroyed and several dozen semi-natural grassland species were sown on bare soil. The seeds were thoroughly mixed and evenly distributed over the entire experimental area. Then, 39 permanent plots were regularly deployed across the experimental area. In the following year, the frequency of the emerging seedlings and juveniles of the sown plant species was estimated and the texture of the soil surface layer was ana-lysed in the permanent plots. Statistical analysis performed by fuzzy set ordination method indicated that the product of grain-size distribution index and mean particle diameter is the most appropriate unidimensional granulometric characteristic of the soil particle size distribution as a plant commu-nity assembly driver.
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