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Bipolaris sorokiniana is a dangerous pathogen of plants from Poaceae family. A secondary metabolite with carcinogenic properties produced by this fungus is sterigmatocystin. A field experiment with inoculation of the grain of 9 spring barley genotypes with B. sorokiniana No. 36 was carried out in the years 2012–2014 in the Zamość region. Field observations revealed leaf spot caused by B. sorokiniana in all studied genotypes. In 2012, values of the leaf infection index varied from 21.88 (Oberek) to 48.12 (Hajduczek), in 2013 from 25.31 (Skald, Oberek) to 50.00 (STH 7910) and in 2014 from 21.88 (Oberek) to 50.00 (Hajduczek). In the experimental combination with B. sorokiniana, colonies of this fungus in the years 2012–2014 accounted for: 81.22%, 93.11% and 71.78%, respectively, and in control combination: 40.06%, 32.26% and 33.72%, respectively. The chemical analysis of grain of 9 barley genotypes obtained from plants in an experimental combination with B. sorokiniana in 2014, revealed the presence of sterigmatocystin in the genotypes: Hajduczek, Kormoran, Stratus and STH 7910. The sterigmatocystin concentration ranged from 5.39 ng·g–1 (STH 7910) to 67.05 ng·g–1 (Hajduczek). A statistically significant correlation was found between the value of the leaf infection index and the concentration of sterigmatocystin in the grain.
This study defines several mycotoxin (Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, Toxin T-2, Toxin HT-2, Nivalenol, Fusarenon X, 3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol) contamination of winter common, durum, spelt and einkorn wheat genotypes. The compared species (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, T. durum, T. aestivum ssp. spelta and T. monococcum) have different susceptibility to Fusarium and toxin accumulation. Durum wheat (cv. Komnata) was the most susceptible to contamination with mycotoxins. In durum grain the highest level of contamination was detected, especially with Deoxynivalenol (2–4 times over the allowed level for unprocessed grain). T. aestivum ssp. spelta (cv. Schwabenkorn) and T. monococcum (EN 5003) showed the lowest mycotoxin level. Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (cv. Tonacja) was less contaminated with mycotoxins than Triticum durum but more than T. aestivum ssp. spelta and T. monococcum. Other mycotoxins in grain of the examined genotypes occurred in trace amounts.
The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of fungi on grain of winter spelt cultivated in Głubczyce (South of Poland) and in Winna Góra (West-Central Poland) with special attention on toxigenic species. Mycological analysis of grain healthiness was performed after 8 weeks post harvest. Additionally grain after grinding was analyzed for the presence of deoksynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) using HPLC. Among pathogenic species Fusarium avenaceum dominated whereas saprotrophic fungi were represented mainly by Alternaria alternata in the case of both locations. Based on the results of mycotoxin determination it was concluded that grain of winter spelt contained only trace amounts of trichothecenes.
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