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Изложена актуальность разработки технологии и технического обеспечения производства микобиопрепаратов на основании элиситоров полисахаридной природы – хитина и глюканов. Рассмотрены современные представления о ключевых механизмах индукции устойчивости растений. Представлена технологическая схема модельной биотехнологии получения полисахаридов из клеточной стенки гриба трутовика настоящего.
Introduction. Occupational exposure to bio-aerosols has been linked to various health effects. This review presents an overview of bio-aerosol exposure levels in veterinary practices, and investigates the possibility of health effects associated with bio-aerosol exposure. Methods. A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed. Publications were included if they provided information on bio-aerosol exposure and related health effects through veterinary practice and other professions with similar exposures, occupationally exposed to animals. Results. Few studies in veterinary settings showed that substantial bio-aerosol exposure levels (e.g. endotoxin and β(1→3)-glucan) were likely occur when handling farm animals and horses. Exposure levels are comparable to those levels observed in farming which have been associated with respiratory health effects. Animal specific allergen exposures have hardly been studied, but showed to be measurable in companion animal clinics and dairy barns. The findings of the few studies available among veterinary populations, particularly those working with farm animals and horses, are indicative of an elevated risk for developing respiratory symptoms. Studies among pig farmers, exposed to similar environments as veterinarians, strongly confirm that veterinary populations are at an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases in relation to bio-aerosol exposure, in particular endotoxin. Exposure to animal allergens during veterinary practice may cause allergic inflammation, characterized by IgE-mediated reactions to animal allergens. Nonetheless, the occurrence of sensitization or allergy against animal allergens is poorly described, apart from laboratory animal allergy, especially known from exposure to rats and mice. Conclusion. Veterinary populations are likely exposed to elevated levels of bio-aerosols such as endotoxins, β(1→3)-glucans, and some specific animal allergens. Exposures to these agents in animal farmers are associated with allergic and non-allergic respiratory effects, proposing similar health effects in veterinary populations.
The effect of Propionibacterium granulosum, glucan and isoprinosine on the course of infection of B6C3F₁ mice with T. spiralis was studied. The worm burdens in the intestinal and muscle phases of the infection and the weight of spleens were determined. The intensity of the infection was reduced mainly in mice exposed to P. granulosum, most clearly after intraperitoneal injection on the day of infection; only slight increase in weight of spleens was found in these mice. On the contrary, after exposure of mice to P. acnes, the intensity of infection and the weight of spleens were increased. The effect of glucan was dose dependent. Low single dose caused a decrease in the number of intestinal and muscle forms of the parasite. Higher doses of glucan did not have any effect on the intensity of the infection. Various doses of isoprinosine did not affect the elimination of T. spiralis, and rather showed a tendency to increase the intensity of the infection.
B(1→3)-glucans were extracted from wood dust samples taken during the summer of 1997 at four British Columbia sawmills. Personal dust samples were collected using a GSP-sampler for inhalable dust and the sampling strategy targeted all production and maintenance jobs at least once at each mill. Potential exposure determinants data were documented concurrently, including weather conditions, log storage methods, wood conditions, species, production level, jobs and tasks. B(1→3)-glucans were measured by enzyme inhibition immunoassay (EIA). A total of 223 personal B(1→3)-glucan samples were analyzed. 45.7% were below the limit of detection (LOD). Geometric mean concentration ranged from 3.5 to 18.9 µg/m3 across the four mills. The highest levels were measured at the Interior mills, particularly in the log processing and sawmill areas. Multivariate regression models indicated that land-based log storage, clean-up jobs, high wood dust concentration, lumber yard department and the interaction between land-based log storage method and log processing department were associated with increased B(1→3)-glucan concentration.
Glucans of pseudo cereal starches with significant differences in their branching pattern - amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat - were investigated upon the correlation of their molecular characteristics with technological properties. Consistency of glucan conformation, in particular persistance against elevated temperature, acidic pH and mechanical stress was investigated with respect to consequences on molecular and supermolecular structures of starch/DMSO-solutions. For analytical purposes starch glucans were separated by semi-preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and obtained fractions were tested upon their iodine-complexing potential. Amaranth was found to be short chain branched (scb ≡ amylopectin type); quinoa to be scb-type, but consisting of longer branches than amaranth; buckwheat was found to be a mixture of scb-glucans with approx. 24% of long- chain branched (lcb ≡ amylose-type) glucans. Molecular weight (degree of polymerization) for DMSO-dissolved starches was determined absolutely by means of aqueous SEC. Weight average molecular weights (Mw) were found close to 12-106 g/M for the investigated samples. Dimensions of starch glucan coils were estimated from SEC-data combined with universal calibration: values between 2-40 nm were found without significant differences for the three starches. However, in spite of these minor differences, the investigated starches differ significantly in their inter- and intramolecular interaction potential. Thus, obviously interaction potentials are strongly controlled by branching patterns, glucan-coil packing densities and by the ability to form supermolecular structures.
W pracy podjęto próbę uzyskania liniowych glukanów przez wytrącenie ich z roztworu skrobi ziemniaczanej w 20% (v/v) DMSO, poddanej działaniu pululanazy zawartej w preparacie handlowym Pulluzyme 750 (ABM Chemicals). Strącanie przebiegało 3-etapowo. Po każdym etapie otrzymywano frakcje hydrolizatu, składające się z glukanów liniowych i rozgałęzionych. W uzyskanych frakcjach oznaczano zawartość liniowych łańcuchów skrobiowych, wielkość cząsteczek, tendencję do retrogradacji oraz przemiany fazowe metodą DSC. Najbardziej interesujące właściwości wykazała frakcja III składająca się głównie z krótkich łańcuchów amylozy i wykazująca największą tendencję do retrogradacji. Znaczna entalpia jej topnienia oraz wysoki zakres temperatury tej przemiany fazowej świadczą o dużym udziale krystalitów amylozowych, charakterystycznych dla skrobi opornej.
Influence of application of (1,3)-(1,6)-β-D-glucans and mannans on production results of sows and piglets. The aim of the study was the assessment the production results and health status of sows and their offspring modulated by supplementation of (1,3)-(1,6)-β-D-glucans and mannans. The experiment was carried out in farrowing and nursing sector.It was performed using crossbreed (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace) pigs. The additive of (1,3)-(1,6)-β-D-glucans (G) or (1,3)-(1,6)-β-D-glucans and mannans (GM) was introduced to the feed for sows from the 85th day of gestation and for their offspring from the 22nd (after weaning) to the 90th (moving to the fattening sector) day of life. Production results were estimated basis on: changes of body weight of sows during lactation and their offspring during the experimental time, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality. To estimate health status blood samples from sows and their offspring were taken to determine the total protein level and its fraction in serum. The obtained results indicate that the additive of G or GM to lactation sows and weaned piglets can usefully influence on catabolism process in sows, growth performance and health status in piglets.
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