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Experimental model in ovo. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy in the brain and confers a uniformly poor prognosis. Despite decades of research on the topic, limited progress has been made to improve the poor survival associated with this disease, new therapeutic strategies are still needed. The application of nanotechnology to disease treatment, diagnosis, monitoring, drug delivery platform and to the control of biological systems is promising, also in cancer therapy. Diamond na-noparticles (DN) are bioactive substance toward glioma tumour cultured on the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). DN reduce tumor mass and volume and inhibited new blood vessel development in glioma tumor. In the present experiment we additionally observed, that DN caused changes in the tumor ultrastructure testify to the ongoing process of cell death, probably carried out by autophagy.
Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignancy and is marked by an extremely poor prognosis, despite advances in surgical and clinical neuro-oncology. That is why central nervous system glioblastoma is quite a challenging neoplasm, requiring much further research to understand the molecular and cellular clinical basis. Existing in vivo glioblastoma models are based on the inoculation of glioma cells into rodent brains or the use of transgenic mice. For decades the avian model was the model of choice in developmental biology. However, the reports on chorioallantoic membrane glioblastoma model are quite rare. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate morphological issues of glioblastoma on CAM and the interaction between transplant and CAM. Chicken embryos obtained from a local poultry farm were put in an incubator. Fresh samples of glioblastoma obtained during the operation were grafted on CAM, which is formed on the 7-9 th day of embryo development. The growth and morphological issues of cells were observed with a stereo microscope and the histological preparations were done in particular intervals of time, starting from 24 hours after the transplantation. We observed peritumorąl edema, necrotic zones and angiogenesis on the chorioallantoic membrane. This evidence, together with the immunohistological proof, shows that glioblastoma survives on CAM and has its typical morphological features.
 Kinins, a group of important pro-inflammatory peptides, are abundantly found in tissues and biological fluids of cancer patients. Bradykinin, the major representative of kinins, induces vascular permeability and, in consequence, promotes tumor expansion. Additionally, the kinin-induced inflammatory responses, especially those mediated by kinin metabolites without the C-terminal arginine residue, lead to enhanced tumor growth. The present study aimed at analyzing the ability of the human glioblastoma cell line U-373, derived from a malignant tumor, to produce kinin peptides. The proteins involved in kinin generation, i.e., the kininogens and the kallikreins, were shown to be expressed in these cells. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor α, a proinflammatory cytokine that mediates tumorigenesis, was found to enhance the expression of enzymes associated with kinin production. The strong binding of kininogen to the cell surface and the enzymatic degradation of this protein by cells suggest the activation of kinin-generating systems. Indeed, glioblastoma cells, pre-treated with tumor necrosis factor α, released kinin peptides from exogenous kininogen. The expression of kinin receptors in these cells was also shown to increase under the influence of this cytokine. Our results suggest that the human glioblastoma cell line U-373 constitutes a good cellular model that can be helpful in cancer research focused on kinin-induced inflammation. Furthermore, our findings can contribute to new approaches in cancer treatment with the use of kinin receptor antagonists and inhibitors of kinin production.
An approximately threefold increase in glycogenolytic activity of the neutral a-1,4-glucosidase and a twofold increase in the same activity of the acid isoform have been found in extracts of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme tumors of brain tissue. "Maltase activity" of the respective enzymes increased by 60-80% in both kinds of tumor extracts. However a significant decrease in a-amylase and almost complete disappearance of phosphorylase activities have also been found in both kinds of tumors.
Alterations in the expression of growth factors and their receptors are associated with the growth and development of human tumors. One such growth factor is IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I), a 70-amino-acid polypeptide expressed in many tissues, including brain. IGF-I is also expressed at high levels in some nervous system-derived tumors, especially in glioblastoma. When using IGF-I as a diagnostic marker, 17 dif­ferent tumors are considered as expressing the IGF-I gene. Malignant glioma, the most common human brain cancer, is usually fatal. Average survival is less than one year. Our strategy of gene therapy for the treatment of gliomas and other solid tumors is based on: 1) diagnostic using IGF-I gene expression as a differential marker, and 2) application of "triple-helix anti-IGF-I " therapy. In the latter approach, tumor cells are transfected with a vector, which encodes an oligoribonucleotide — an RNA strand containing oligopurine sequence which might be capable of forming a triple helix with an oligopurine and/or oligopyrimidine sequence of the promotor of IGF-I gene (RNA-IGF-I DNA triple helix). Human tumor cells transfected in vitro become down-regulated in the production ofm IGF-I and present immunogenic (MHC-I and B7 expression) and apoptotic characteristics. Similar results were obtained when IGF-I antisense strategy was applied. In both strategies the transfected cells reimplanted in vivo lose tumorigenicity and elicit tumor specific immunity which leads to elimination of established tumors.
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