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The aim of the paper was to present the clinical uses of gestagens most commonly used in dogs and cats. Gestagens are widely used in the treatment of small animals, with indications ranging from dermatological to behavioral problems. However their main use involves controlling the reproductive cycle which includes suppressing the ovarian cycle, suppressing abnormal sexual behavior - especially in male dogs, and supplementing endogenous progesterone in pregnancies potentially compromised by insufficient luteal function. The article reviews the research history of gestagens, their mechanisms, provides comments and considers suggested dosages as well as indications vs. contraindications for their use, as well as summarizing gestational compounds used in veterinary medicine. It also discusses clinical use of gestagens for the treatment of pseudo pregnancy, nymphomania, pituitary dwarfism inhibition, short anoestrus, hypertrophy of prostate, male hypersexuality and spermatogenesis.
In this study the dynamics of follicular growth during estrous cycle after cloprostenol, FGA and PMSG stimulation in goats was compared. On the day 11 of the estrous cycle Group I of the goats (n = 4) was injected with 0.25 mg of cloprostenol for luteolysis stimulation. The follicles which started to grow after treatment formed the ovulatory wave. Group II of the goats (n = 4) was stimulated for 17 days by intravaginal sponges with FGA. After withdrawal of the sponges goats were injected with a single dose of 500 I.U. of PMSG (day 17). Observation of growing follicles on the ovaries were carried out every day through the two consecutive estrous cycles, and was finished on the day of ovulation at the end of second estrous cycle. No differences were observed in total number (4.25 ± 0.5) and the number of the large follicles ≥ 5 mm (2.75 ± 0.5) of the ovulatory wave after cloprostenol injection in comparison to waves of follicles growing during the luteal phase. In Group II of the goats stimulated with sponges impregnated with FGA the number of growing follicles did not differ from the number of follicles in Group I of goats and goats with a natural estrous cycle. After PMSG injection the number of follicles growing in the ovulatory wave increased rapidly. After synchronised ovulation in Group II of the goats follicular cysts were observed and disturbed folliculogenesis of the subsequent estrous cycle. No second wave of follicles was observed and the number of follicles growing was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05), even in the ovulatory wave, but the ovulation rate did not change in comparison to the natural estrous cycle.
The use of exogenous steroids, including gestagens, risks several adverse effects. One of them is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (hyperplasia glandularis cystica). Estrogens stimulate the endometrial development of progesterone receptors. Progesterone and gestagens influence the hyperplasia, proliferation and secretion of endometrial glands, creating the conditions for the emergence of cysts of different sizes with partial leucocytic infiltration. Endometritis-pyometra-complex and mammary tumors are the most common pathologic findings in bitches and queens treated with gestagens. Additionally, hyperglycemia and acromegaly have been observed. These side effects are found to be mainly due to induced GH production in the mammary gland and mediated by IGF-1. The other described adverse effects are adrenocortical suppression, hepatopathy, congenital malformations, prolonged pregnancy, behavioral disorders and local alterations. In some animals in which gestagens were administrated prolactin release increases when gestagen concentration decreases.
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