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Genetically modified (GM) sugar beets offer several advantages for growers, food industry, consumers and for the agricultural environment. Transgenic beets tolerant to total herbicides (tHT) are discussed and their advantages, based on field experiments, are presented along with prospects, limits and putative risks.
Forage from genetically modified (GM) maize in two consecutive years (1999 and 2000) was ensiled in bins of 120 l volume in two combinations: with formic acid (85%) and without. In the samples of ensilage material GM maize, basic parameters have been determined such as pH and dry matter. The determination of biological activity of the components of translational apparatus in model translation systems showed the complete inactivation of biological activities. In addition, degradation of nucleic acids in examined silages was discovered.
The effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) and maize on the diversity and activity of microbiota inhabiting terminal gut segments in broiler chickens Were studied. Eight diets were prepared, based on conventional or GM SBM combined with maize cvs Clarica or PR39 F58, or their isogenic MON 810 counterparts cvs Bacilla or PR39 F56. Diets were fed from age 1 to 28 days to 144 Ross broilers, allocated to eight groups of 18 birds each. The microbiota was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and its activity was measured. In the ileum and caecum of all groups, members representing the orders Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Selenomonadales were present, accompanied by Bifidobacteriales in the caecum. The diversity of the order Lactobacillales in the ileum and caecum of birds fed GM maize was reduced, while that of Lactobacillales in the ileum and Bifidobacteriales in the caecum of birds fed GM SBM was higher compared with conventional maize and SBM. The use of GM and conventional maize and SBM did not affect the activity of microbiota measured as bacterial enzyme activity and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the ileal and caecal digesta. The GM maize did not change resistance of E.
Nowadays, genetically modified plants are cultivated in many countries and it is important to consider their safety for surrounding environment. So, the environmental risk assessments of genetically modified plants are evaluated. This assessment consists of an objective evaluation of risk and involves generating; collecting and assessing of information on a GM plant with the aim to determine its impact on human or animal health and the environment relative to non-genetically modified organisms. One of the numerous methods used to investigate the impact of GM plants on the environment is the Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. This method was used for comparison of genetic variation in populations of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of genetically modified maize MON810 carrying the gene cry1Ab and genetically non-modified maize. Rhizosphere samples were collected in Slovakia during two years (2008, 2009) in July and September and 16S rRNA gene was amplified from metagenomic DNA using universal eubacterial primers. Differences in the number of terminal restriction fragments between control and GM maize hybrids were not detected. Additionally, variation within bacterial communities composition from rhizosphere of MON810 and non-GM hybrids was not observed, nevertheless negligible differences in composition of bacterial community were observed between two sampling periods (July and September). These changes were observed in non-GM as well as in GM maize hybrids and reflected effects of environment and conditions, no influence of genetic modification. The 16S rDNA clone library creation from rhizosphere sample of MON810 maize followed by DNA sequencing revealed that the Proteobacteria were major group of bacteria and Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were less represented. This study did not confirm any changes in the soil ecosystem, which would have been larger than normal variations caused by external conditions.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a genetically modified (GM) maize cultivar MON 810 containing Cry1Ab protein in comparison to conventional plants on rove beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as non-target arthropods. This is the first large-scale Bt-maize experiment in Poland. A Bt transgenic maize cultivar (DKC 3421 Yield Gard®) and the respective isogenic maize DKC 3420 were cultivated at two locations: Budziszów, near Wrocław in southwestern Poland, and in Głuchów, near Rzeszów in the southeastern region, in the 2008-2010 growing seasons. For comparative analysis two additional non-Bt cultivars sprayed with a lambda-cyhalotrine insecticide also were included. To monitor the population density of soil surface-active invertebrates of the Staphylinidae family, 80 pitfall traps were used at each location. The average number of rove beetle populations in the Bt-maize habitat did not differ significantly from the number of beetles in the conventional ones. Significant differences in the number of beetles occurred only on individual dates. The variation in the number of beetles was probably caused by environmental factors, and therefore it cannot be related to the cultivar effect.
In recent years the increase in no-tillage agriculture has resulted in the increase of total herbicide Glyphosate. This is the consequences of breeding of Glyphosate resistant plant. Glyphosate (a P-containing compound) behaves like other P-components in the soil and therefore it is bound to soil Fe-hydroxides. This will result in the formation of bound residues and enrichment in the soil is very likely. The use of Bt toxin (a toxin directed mostly against the European Corn Borer) produced by genetically modified plants will lead to a change in composition of soil organic matter. The Bt toxins are proteins and bound to the outer surface of soil mineral aggregates. They compete with the soil humic substances for binding sites. This results in a complex binding behaviour and the formation of bound residues as all other proteinaceous materials.
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