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In this study of the genesis and evolution of social participation in spatial planning (sometimes social pressure was also concerned with operative programmes of revitalisation of city districts and this is why the article also discusses social participation in space formation) I have tried to show that this process is of a complex and multidisciplinary character in which various forms of participation, that are now treated separately, intermingled. Public protests or even riots (chaotic participation) forced the authorities to juridise social participation in spatial planning (passing laws on participation forms) and enhancement of the provisions of the existing laws by their instrumentalisation (equipment) in more or less efficient tools of participation (e.g. advocacy planning or J. Fishkin’s deliberative poll). This is treated as the so-called non-statutory form of social participation in spatial planning. In my opinion, this complex and multidisciplinary process is best presented in a way that is subject to chronology rather than to separate treatment of various phenomena. The chronological attitude used in this article shows that social participation in spatial planning is assessed with pessimism. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries the pessimist tone prevails in the assessment of the efficiency of social participation in spatial planning. But this article shows that in the 1970s the tone was quite different – full of optimism and hope, mainly concerned with advocacy planning. This should lead us to the conclusion that verifies the goal of this article, that the short history of social participation in spatial planning tells us we should expect further maturation and development of the participation phenomena.
Problem Statement. Becoming widespread and extremely popular with people throughout the world fitness has not left Ukraine, where there is a keen interest to this kind of recreational activities, aside. The Purpose was to study the origin of recreational fitness. Results: The article highlights the origins and genesis of health-related fitness in its international context, as well as in individual countries of the world. Particular attention has been paid to the development of recreational fitness in Ukraine and to the establishment of the Ukrainian market of fitness services, which originated in the late 90s. A rapid booming of fitness industry has been observed in Ukraine since 2005. The authors also deal with contemporary development of fitness services. At the same time the issue of terminological application has been tackled. Various publications put different interpretations of fitness terminological system in general and of the term “fitness” as well. Although fitness as a health-improving system has been gradually evolving, the commonly accepted meaning of the term has not been elaborated up till now. Various definitions of the term should be considered as complementary. Conclusions. Fitness has a long history and different versions of origin and evolution. Two of them are considered to be of significance, i.e. the western and the eastern versions. For ideological reasons, fitness in the Soviet Union (Ukraine being part of it until 1991) was practically ignored. Nevertheless, the mid-80s of the last century witnessed the breakthrough of fitness into the USSR. Establishment of the market of fitness services in the independent Ukraine started in the late 90s. Fitness industry in Ukraine is permanently growing.
Cell proliferation and differentiation is a complex process involving many cellular mechanisms. One of the best-studied phenomena in cell differentiation is erythrocyte development during hematopoiesis in vertebrates. In recent years, a new class of small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as important regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in various organisms, including protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses, proving that the regulatory miRNA pathway is conserved in evolution. There are many examples of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and in cancer genesis. Many of the collected data clearly show the dependence of the proteome of a cell on the qualitative and quantitative composition of endogenous miRNAs. Numerous specific miRNAs are present in the hematopoietic erythroid line. This review attempts to summarize the state of knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the regulation of different stages of erythropoiesis. Original experimental data and results obtained with bioinformatics tools were combined to elucidate the currently known regulatory network of miRNAs that guide the process of differentiation of red blood cells.
The road leading to the establishment of the UPC bar code standard, which initiated the development of a family of line codes is discussed. Based on the UPC code the structure of a bar code is presented together with the principles of its reading using a laser scanner. The structure of the EAN-13 code is characterised and its evolution towards a global standard, i.e. the GS1 system, currently predominant in logistics is shown. The area of the GS1 system applications and the structure of the logistics label applied within this system are presented.
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Estuaries of the Polish Baltic coastal zone

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Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems characterized by great and constant variability of physicochemical gradients and biological parameters. Considerable fluctuations in salinity levels, temperature, pH, concentrations of oxygen, nutrients and organic matter are quite natural in such water bodies. There are many estuarine forms at the Polish Baltic Coast, including open-sea gulfs (the Gulf of Gdansk and the Pomeranian Gulf), water bodies connected to the Baltic Sea (Lake Łebsko) and periodically closed water bodies connected to the Baltic Sea by channels or through river-mouths (Lake Jamno and Lake Gardno). The mouths of large rivers, like Odra and Vistula, also show features of estuaries. Estuaries perform a very important function of specific natural filters for a variety of chemical compounds contained in waters flowing through this area. In this way they form an effective buffer zone that prevents the penetration of toxic biological substances into seawater.
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