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Phenylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessive disorder caused be a deficiency of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), is clinically very heterogeneous. At the molecular level, more than 400 mutations in the PAH gene are known to date, which in different genotype combinations could account for biochemical and clinical variability of symptoms. In vitro expression studies on R68G and R68S mutations causing mild phenylketonuria are presented.
The outermost layers of animal viruses are usually composed of glycoproteins. They are responsible not only for the entrance of viruses into, and release from host cells but also for the initial interaction of a viral particle with immunological defense of the host. It is therefore not surprising that many laboratories devote a lot of effort to study viral glycoproteins at the molecular level. Very often such studies are possible only after the introduction of a glycoprotein gene into a heterologous system. Expression of glycoprotein genes is usually obtained in mammalian or insect cells. Expression in mammalian cells yields viral glycoproteins with glycan chains indistinguishable from the original counterparts in virion particles but the level of synthesis of glycoproteins is very low. Vaccinia virus is the most common vector for expression in mammalian cells. It is easy to grow, the introduction of foreign genes is relatively simple and, due to the size of the vaccinia genome, it can accept large pieces of foreign DNA. Glycosylation in insect cells is not as complex as in mammalian cells and usually glycoproteins produced in insect cells are of slightly lower molecular mass than those produced in mammalian cells. The most common vector for expression of glycoproteins in insect cells is a baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The great advantage of this system is a very high level of expression of foreign genes.
Genes 29,48 and 54 of bacteriophage T4, coding for specific tube associated proteins, were cloned to the expression vector pT7-5. The molecular mass of the products of these genes was estimated to be 64,39 and 36 kDa, respectively. The examined genes are cotranscribed with genes 51,27 and 28 from the same DNA strand and a common late promoter sequence located downstream of gene 51.
A multiplex PCR system was developed for specific identification of genes encoding heat-labile (LTI) and heat-stable (STI and STII) toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. In addition, primers specific for the E. coli gene coding for 16S rRNA were used as an internal control of the DNA amplification. The specificity of the method was validated by single PCR tests performed with reference to E. coli strains as well as pig-isolated bacteria and 100% correlation was observed. The developed multiplex PCR allowed rapid and specific identification of enterotoxin-positive E. coli and may be used as a sensitive and specific method for a direct determination of ETEC and to differentiate them from other E. coli isolates.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is widely used as a popular beverage and dietary supplement that can significantly reduce the risk of many diseases. Despite the widespread use of green tea, the data regarding the safety as well as herb-drug interactions are limited. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the influence of standardized green tea extract (GTE) containing 61% catechins and 0.1% caffeine on the expression level of rat CYP genes and the corresponding transcription factors expression by realtime PCR. The findings showed that GTE resulted in a significant decrease of CYP2C6 expression level by 68% (p<0.001). In case of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2, the mRNA levels were also reduced by extract but in a lesser degree compared to CYP2C6. Simultaneously the significant increase in the mRNA level of CAR, RXR and GR factors was observed by 54% (p<0.05), 79% (p<0.001) and 23% (p<0.05), respectively after 10 days of green tea extract administration. In addition, there was noted a small increase of CYP1A1 expression level by 21% (p>0.05) was noted. No statistically significant differences were observed for CYP1A2 and CYP2D1/2. In the same study we observed an increase in amount of ARNT gene transcript by 27% (p<0.05) in the long-term use. However, green tea extract showed the ability to stimulate HNF-1α both after 3 and 10 days of treatment by 30% (p<0.05) and 80% (p<0.001), respectively. In contrast, no change was observed in the concentration of HNF-4α cDNA. These results suggest that GTE may change the expression of CYP enzymes, especially CYP2C6 (homologue to human CYP2C9) and may participate in clinically significant interactions with drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
 The calcium-activated neutral proteases, μ- and m-calpain, along with their inhibitor, calpastatin, have been demonstrated to mediate a variety of Ca2+-dependent processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, apoptosis, membrane fusion, platelet activation and skeletal muscle protein degradation. The cDNA coding for yak calpastatin was amplified and cloned by RT-PCR to investigate and characterize the nucleotide/amino-acid sequence and to predict structure and function of the calpastatin. The present study suggests that the yak calpastatin gene encodes a protein of 786 amino acids that shares 99 % sequence identity with the amino-acid sequence of cattle calpastatin, and that the yak protein is composed of an N-terminal region (domains L and XL) and four repetitive homologous C-terminal domains (d1–d4), in which several prosite motifs are present including short peptide L54–64 (EVKPKEHTEPK in domain L) and GXXE/ DXTIPPXYR (in subdomain B), where X is a variable amino acid. Our results suggest the existence of other functional sites including potential phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, casein kinase II, as well as N-myristoylation and amidation sites that play an important role in molecular regulation of the calpain/calpastatin system. The regulation of the calpain/calpastatin system is determined by the interaction between dIV and dVI in calpains and subdomains A, B, and C in calpastatin.
The LlPRP2 gene coding for a proline-rich protein shows a high level of similarity to, as well as significant differences from the family of ENOD2 nodule-specific genes. Several sequence motifs with putative regulatory function were identified in the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of the LlPRP2 gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression of the LlPRP2 gene begins 9 days after inoculation of yellow lupin roots with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus); the expression is restricted to symbiotic nodules and is not detected in other tissues or organs. Detailed hybridization analysis showed that, when expression is activated, the LlPRP2 transcript is modified so as to produce at least three bands and a continuous distribution of decay intermediates. The modification of the LlPRP2 transcript probably involves degradation from the 5'- and/or 3'-ends of the RNA molecules. Southern blot analysis indicates that only one gene is present in the yellow lupin genome. The presence of genes homologous to the LlPRP2 gene was confirmed for three cultivars of yellow lupin and for Lupinus angustifolius. However, LlPRP2 homologues were not detected in Lupinus albus cv. Bac, indicating that this plant may lack the ENOD2 sequence.
A chemically synthesized gene coding for the serine proteinase inhibitor CPTI II was cloned in E. coli and its expression was investigated in cytoplasmic and secretion systems. Under all conditions investigated the biologically active form of the inhibitor was found only in the latter system, although the yield was rather low.
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