Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

Gangliosides in the repair of brain cholinergic neurons

100%

Oderfeld-Nowak B., Casamenti F., Pepeu G.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1993

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tom 40

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nr 3

2

The role of target membrane sialic acid residues in the fusion activity of the influenza virus: the effect of two types of ganglioside on the kinetics of membrane merging

88%

Ramalho-Santos J., Pedroso De Lima M. C.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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2004

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tom 09

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nr 2

The influenza virus enters target cells via the action of hemagglutinin proteins (HA) inserted into the viral envelope. HA promotes membrane fusion between the viral envelope and endosomal membrane at low pH, following viral binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on target cells, and internalization by endocytosis. The effect of target membrane sialic acid residues on the fusion activity of the influenza virus towards model membranes was evaluated by both reduction, (i.e. treating somatic cells with neuraminidase- (NA-) prior to virus-cell interactions), and by supplementing liposomes with the gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. The harshness of the neuraminidase pretreatment of target cells required to affect virus-induced membrane merging was found to greatly depend on the assay conditions, i.e. whether a virus-cell prebinding step at neutral pH was included prior to acidification. Minor concentrations of neuraminidase were found to greatly reduce virus fusion, but only in the absence of a prebinding step; they had no effect if this step was included. Although membrane merging was greatly reduced following cell neuraminidase pretreatment, virus-cell association at low pH was not disturbed proportionately. This probably reflects unspecific virus-cell binding under these conditions, probably of inactivated or aggregated virus particles, which does not translate into membrane merging. This seems to suggest both that target membrane sialic acid can protect the virus from losing its activity before triggering membrane merging, and that the importance of this interaction is not merely to ensure virus-target proximity. With liposomes, we found that both types of ganglioside supported efficient fusion, with GD1a promoting a slightly faster initial rate. However, in this case, virus-target proximity closely mirrored fusion activity, thus pointing to differential specificity between targets routinely used to assay influenza virus fusion activity.

3

Photochemical labeling of HL-60 cell membrane proteins with radioiodinated, 4-azidosalicylic acid acylated derivatives of gangliosides

75%

Pacuszka T., Panasiewicz M., Hoser G., Kawalec M.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

To detect HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell proteins involved in the uptake of gangliosides from the culture medium we used photoreactive, 4-azidosalicylic acid (ASA) acylated and radioiodinated (200 Ci/mmole) derivatives of GM3, GD3, GM1, and FucGM1 gangliosides. Gangliosides-ASA, added to the medium at 15-20 nM concentration, followed a similar time course of uptake. After 1 min incubation cell bound gangliosides-ASA could not be removed with trypsin, but only 5-10% remained after incubation with BSA. The proportion of cell bound gangliosides-ASA resistant to BSA treatment increased with time of incubation up to 76% after 20 h. As shown on TLC, GM3- and GD3-ASA were catabolized to LacSph-ASA and ceramide-ASA, while GM1-ASA was hydrolyzed to GM2-ASA. FucGM1-ASA was converted to GM1-ASA very slowly. Upon irradiation with UV lamp, cell bound gangliosides-ASA crosslinked to and photolabeled many proteins but the distribution of radioactivity after SDS/PAGE was very uneven and did not correlate with Coomassie staining. In all experiments the 42 kDa protein bands were most intensely photolabeled. Photolabeling of 42 kDa proteins decreased with time of incubation as compared to lower molecular mass proteins. With all gangliosides-ASA used similar but not identical protein photolabeling patterns were obtained. Photolabeling patterns with GM3- and GD3-ASA differed from those with GM1- and FucGM1-ASA.

4

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of glycosphingolipids including gangliosides

75%

Taketomi T., Hara A., Uemura K., Sugiyama E.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 4

Long chain base compositions of gangliosides containing mainly stearic acid could be determined without any chemical modification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with delayed ion extraction (DE MALDI-TOF MS). The analytical results for the long chain base compositions of various samples of GM1 from the brain tissues of patients with different diseases at different ages confirmed that the proportion of d20:1 (icosasphingosine) and d20 (icosa-sphinganine) of the total sphingosine bases increased quickly until adolescent or adult age and then remained constant slightly exceeding 50%; this value was evidently higher than the proportion of d20:1 and d20 of GM1 in various adult mammalian brains. A long chain base composition of GM1 from the brain tissue of a patient with infantile type of GM1-gangliosidosis at 4y2m was abnormal and so was in two sibling patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt type of juvenile amaurotic idiocy at 19y and 21y in spite of that in the latter there was no accumulation of GM1 in the brain tissue. On the other hand, a patient with adult type of GM1 gangliosidosis at 66y showed a local accumulation of GM1 in the putamen and caudate nucleus, but its long chain base composition was found to be normal. It was of interest that the white matter of Eker rat with hereditary renal carcinoma contained a large amount of plasmalocerebroside as compared with the amount of cerebroside and sphingomyelin. The individual molecular species of plasmalocerebroside were identified by DE MALDI-TOF MS.

5

Human fibroblasts in culture metabolize differently exogenous GM3 ganglioside species containing C18 and C20 sphingosine

75%

Chigorno V., Valsecchi M., Sonnino S.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

Preparation of radioactive GM3 species containing isotopically labeled C18 sphingosine or C20 sphingosine is reported and their use for studying some aspects of the sphingolipid biosynthesis in cells is discussed. Human fibroblasts in culture that have only C18 sphingolipids and GM3 as the major gangliosides, were fed with the two radioactive GM3 species. The radioactive gangliosides were taken up by the cells and metabolized. The analyses of the radioactivity metabolic fate, in this model provides the following information. i - About 70-80% of the total catabolic sphingosine is re-cycled for biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids. ii - A small amount of the catabolic C20 sphingosine was re-cycled for biosynthesis of C20 sphingolipids, thus yielding complex lipids that are not naturally present in fibroblast cells. iii - A regulatory step in the biosynthesis of sphingolipid species differring long chain base content, C18 or C20 sphingosine, is in some way involved in the first steps of sphingolipid biosynthesis, and thus plays a decisive role in the availability of the long chain bases.

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The ceramide structure of GM1 ganglioside differently affects its recovery in low-density membrane fractions prepared from HL-60 cells with or without triton-X-100

63%

Panasiewicz M., Domek H., Hoser G., Fedoryszak N., Kawalec M., Pacuszka T.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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2009

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tom 14

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nr 2

175-189

Gangliosides are characteristically enriched in various membrane domains that can be isolated as low density membrane fraction insoluble in detergents (detergent-resistant membranes, DRMs) or obtained after homogenization and sonication in 0.5 M sodium carbonate (low-density membranes, LDMs). We assessed the effect of the ceramide structure of four [3H]-labeled GM1 ganglioside molecular species (GM1s) taken up by HL-60 cells on their occurrence in LDMs, and compared it with our previous observations for DRMs. All GM1s contained C18 sphingosine, which was acetylated in GM1(18:1/2) or acylated with C14, C18 or C18:1 fatty acids (Fas)

7

New method for quantitative analysis of GD2 ganglioside in plasma of neuroblastoma patients

63%

Czaplicki D., Horwacik I., Kowalczyk A., Wieczorek A., Bolek-Marzec K., Balwierz W., Kozik A., Rokita H.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2009

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tom 56

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nr 3

423-431

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood, is a malignancy of unknown origin and non-specific symptoms. One of the markers of the disease is GD2 ganglioside (disialoganglioside), which is abundantly expressed on the surface of neuroblastoma cells. Gangliosides are known to be shed by tumour cells and this phenomenon can be significant in cancer progression as they inhibit a number of immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In search for novel markers useful in monitoring and prognosis of neuroblastoma, we developed and validated a new quantitative method of GD2 ganglioside analysis in human blood plasma. We evaluated the level of gangliosides in blood serum of 34 neuroblastoma patients using high-performance liquid chromatography. The technique was used to detect fluorescently labelled oligosaccharides derived from serum glycosphingolipids by enzymatic digestion with ceramide glycanase. The developed method allowed determination of GD2 concentrations at the picomole level and required only 40 μl of plasma, which should be particularly useful when the quantity of clinical material is limiting. Moreover, this method can be applied to study concentration of other gangliosides, as shown for GD3 ganglioside. Analysis of plasma samples from the 34 neuroblastoma patients did not reveal any correlations between the concentration of GD2 ganglioside and clinical parameters, including the results of therapy; it showed, however, that the concentration of GD2 ganglioside in the plasma of neuroblastoma patients decreased substantially in the course of treatment.

8

Glycoconjugates with NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc are more effective at preventing adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells than glycoconjugates with NeuAc-Gal-Glc

63%

Hata Y., Murakami M., Okabe S.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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2004

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tom 55

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nr 3

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) adheres to human gastric epithelial cells, eliciting various gastroduodenal diseases. Gangliosides play a critical role in bacterial adhesion to cell surfaces. The present study examined how residues of gangliosides are important for inhibition of adhesion of H. pylori to MKN-45 cells. We measured adhesion or detachment effects of gangliosides on the interaction between MKN-45 cells and H. pylori, as well as interleukin-8 production. Among the gangliosides, O-Ac-GD3, GT1b, GD1a, GD1b, GT1a, and GD3 had potent dose dependent inhibitory effects on adhesion of H. pylori to MKN-45 cells, interleukin-8 production, and vacuole formation induced by H. pylori toxin binding to Vero cells. GD3 also accelerated bacterial detachment of MKN-45 cells with adherent H. pylori in a dose dependent manner. Such results strongly suggest that the mechanism involved in the inhibition of H. pylori adhesion is mediated by the variations of the residues of the NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc chain of gangliosides. NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc exhibits a more inhibitory effect on adhesion than the NeuAc-Gal-Glc chain. Such gangioside and oligosaccrharide sequences appear to have therapeutic importance for prevention of H. pylori adhesion, as well as reduction of both inflammation and gastric mucosal injuries.

9

Glycolipid-protein interaction in the mechanism of signal transduction: Studies with a photoactivable ganglioside analogue

63%

Masserini M., Pitto M., Ferraretto A., Brunne J., Palestini P.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

An increasing body of evidence suggests that glycolipid domains are present on the plasma membrane surface of mammalian cells and play a key role in signal transduction. We have investigated the modulation of glycolipid-protein interaction consequent to a specific event occurring at the plasma membrane. For this purpose, a new photoactivable, radioactive derivative of GM1 ganglioside, carrying a phenyldiazirine fatty acid labelled with 125I, has been used with rat cerebellar granule cells in culture. Upon incubation of photoactivable GM1 with the cells followed by illumination, several proteins become radioactive and were detectable on the two dimensional-electrophoresis, which points to their interaction with the ganglioside. Upon addition of cytotoxic doses of glutamate, known to induce indirectly the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), one of the proteins crosslinked by photoactivable GM1 in control cells of molecular mass about 92 kDa and pI about 4, was not anymore detectable; this suggests its exclusion from the glycolipid domains. On the contrary, another protein, of about 15 kDa and pI 6.5, previously not crosslinked, was interacting with the ganglioside derivative after glutamate treatment. Comparable effects were exerted by phorbol-2-myristate-3-acetate, which directly induces the activation of PKC. These results show that PKC activation, a key step of inbound trans-membrane signalling, affects the interaction between glycolipids and proteins at the plasma membrane surface, possibly within a mixed domain. The dynamic modulation of ganglioside-protein interaction may affect the involvement of glycolipid domains in membrane-located events such as signal transmission and lipid/protein sorting.

10

Comparative study of sialidase activity and Gm3 content in B16 melanoma variants with different metastatic potential

63%

Sawada M., Moriya S., Shineha R., Satomi S., Miyagi T.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

We previously demonstrated that transfection of a sialidase cDNA into B16-BL6 cells, a highly metastatic and invasive cell line derived from the mouse B16 melanoma, resulted in a marked suppression of metastasis accompanied by decreased cellular content of the GM3 that is one of the target molecules of the sialidase expressed (Tokuyama et al., 1997 Int. J. Cancer, 73, 410-415). To obtain further insight into the involvement of sialidase in metastasis, we made a comparison of the levels of sialidase activity and GM3 content between B16 melanoma cell lines with low (B16-F1) and high (B16-F10 and -BL6) metastatic potential. The cells exhibited sialidase activity towards 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetylneuraminic acid (4MU-Neu5Ac) and gangliosides at acidic pH in the particulate fractions, but not in the cytosol. The activity toward 4MU-NeuAc was significantly lower in highly metastatic cells. The activity toward gangliosides, on the other hand, varied independently of metastatic potential: B16-F10 cells with a high potential for experimental metastasis showed the lowest level and B16-BL6 cells having high invasiveness had rather a higher level of ganglioside sialidase along with a much greater GM3 synthase activity than the other two cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis with anti-GM3 antibody revealed that highly metastatic cell lines were higher in the binding affinity as compared to B16-F1 cells, B16-BL6 cells containing twice as much cellular GM3 as B16-F1 cells on thin-layer chromatography.

11

Photochemical labeling of human erythrocyte membrane proteins with radioiodinated 4-azidosalicylic acid derivatives of GM3, GD3, GM1, and FucGM1 gangliosides

63%

Pacuszka T., Panasiewicz M.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

Photoreactive gangliosides of high specific radioactivity may prove useful for studies on glycosphingolipid functions. We prepared 4-azidosalicylic acid (ASA) acylated derivatives of GM3, GD3, GM1, and FucGM1 gangliosides (gangliosides-ASA). Gangliosides-ASA were characterized by their TLC mobility, UV spectra, carbohydrate composition, and digestion with leech endoceramidase. After radioiodination to about 200 Ci/mmole gangliosides-ASA were used for photochemical labeling of human erythrocytes. Radioiodinated gangliosides-ASA were incorporated into erythrocytes in a time and concentration dependent manner, the kinetics and extent of incorporation being similar for all the gangliosides-ASA used. Radioiodinated gangliosides-ASA incorporated into erythrocytes were resistant to trypsin digestion while treatment with 1% BSA removed about 90% of the label. Incubation with cholera toxin protected radioiodinated GM1-ASA and, to a lesser extent, FucGM1-ASA but not GM3-ASA and GD3-ASA, against removal with BSA. After photolysis about 40-50% of radioactivity was firmly bound to erythrocyte lipids and proteins. The ratio of lipid- to protein-bound radioactivity ranged from 2.2:1 to 3.2:1. Photolabeled proteins were analyzed by SDS/PAGE followed by autoradiography. Band 3 was the most extensively photolabeled protein with all the radioiodinated gangliosides-ASA used. DIDS, an inhibitor of band 3 protein activity, caused reduction in photolabeling of this protein by about 20%.

12

Epitope dissection of receptor-active gangliosides with affinity for Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus

63%

Miller-Podraza H., Larsson T., Nilsson J., Teneberg S., Matrosovich M., Johansson L.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

Receptor-active gangliosides with affinity for Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus were chemically modified and analyzed by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) or electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI MS) after permethylation. Derivatizations included mild periodate oxidation of the sialic acid glycerol tail or conversion of the carboxyl group to primary alcohol or amides. The modified gangliosides were then tested for binding affinity using thin-layer plates overlaid with labeled microbes or microbe-derived proteins. Mild periodate oxidation, which shortens sialic acid tail without destruction of sugar cores, abolished or drastically reduced binding of H. pylori and avian influenza virus to sialyl-3-paragloboside (S-3-PG). The same effect was observed in the case of binding of the human influenza virus to receptor-active gangliosides of human leukocytes. Conversion of S-3-PG or leukocyte gangliosides to primary alcohols or amides also abolished the binding. However, mild periodate oxidation had no effect on binding of NAP (neutrophil-activating protein of H. pylori) to the active ganglioside.

13

Effects of MK-801 and ganglioside GM1 on postischemic prostanoid release and hippocampal lesion in gerbil brain

51%

Lazarewicz J. W., Salinska E., Speina E., Gadamski R.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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1994

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tom 54

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nr 4

14

Purification and characterization of avian glycolipid: beta-galactosyltransferases (GalT-4 and GalT-3): cloning and expression of truncated betaGalT-4

51%

Basu S. S., Dastgheib S., Ghosh S., Basu M., Kelly P., Basu S.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

Acidic glycolipid of ganglio-(containing sialic acid) and sialyl-lactofucosyl-type, SA-Lex (containing sialic acid and fucose) are developmentally regulated and appear to be ubiqitous on neuronal and cancer cell surfaces of animals. Two glycolipid: β-galactosyltransferases, GalT-3 and GalT-4, were characterized in embryonic chicken brain (ECB). Based on substrate competition experiments, these two activities were believed to be due to expression of two gene products. A cDNA fragments (about 600 bp) encoding the catalytic domain of the GalT-4 (UDP-Gal:LcOse3Cer β1,4galactosyltransferase) from ECB and human Colo-205 were isolated. These cDNAs were expressed as a soluble glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein (48 kDa) in Eschericchia coli. Interactions between GlcNAc-, UDP-hexanolamine-, and α-lactalbumin were studied with the purified fusion protein (recombinant and truncated). Functionally it was similar to that of native GalT-4 purified (40000-fold) from 11-day-old ECB. GalT-3 (UDP-Gal:GM2β1,3galactosyltransferase) was purified from 19-day-old ECB, and a polyclonal antibody was produced against the peptide backbone for immunoscreening of a λZAP ECB cDNA expression library. Each of the GalT-3 peptides (62 and 65 kDa was analyzed by protein fingerprinting analysis indicating a similar peptide mapping pattern.

15

Cerebral inflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

51%

McGuinness M. C., Smith K. D.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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1999

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tom 47

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nr 5

16

Implication of glycolipids in lens fiber development

51%

Ogiso M.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

Mammalian lens contains Lewisx, sialyl-Lewisx and α-galactosyl epitopes in neolacto-series glycosphingolipids. The expression of these three epitopes is not observed in lens epithelial cells, but is immunohistochemically detected in the inner cortical fibers and the lens nucleus. In embryonic chick lens, sialyl-Lewisx-containing gangliosides were also detected in the transitional zone and elongating lens fibers. Thus, the Lewisx, sialyl-Lewisx and α- galactosyl epitopes may be associated with the differentiation and maturation of lens epithelial cells to lens fibers.

17

L-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol stimulates ganglioside biosynthesis, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in cultured cortical neurons, and ameliorates memory deficits in ischemic rats

51%

Inokuchi J., Kuroda Y., Kosaka S., Fujiwara M.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1998

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tom 45

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nr 2

To address the role of brain gangliosides in synaptic plasticity, the synthetic ceramide analog, 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) was used to manipulate the biosynthesis of gangliosides in cultured cortical neurons. Spontaneous synchronized oscillatory activity of intracellular Ca2+ between the neurons, which represents synapse formation, was suppressed by the depletion of endogenous gangliosides by D-threo-PDMP, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. The decreased functional synapse formation was normalized by supplementation of GQ1b but not by the other gangliosides, suggesting that de novo synthesis of ganglioside GQ1b is essential for the synaptic activity (Mizutani A. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 222, 494-498, 1996). On the other hand, the enantiomer of the inhibitor, L-threo-PDMP, could elevate cellular levels of glycosphingolipids including gangliosides. This paper presents our recent findings on the neurotrophic actions of L-threo-PDMP in vitro and in vivo. We found that L-PDMP could up-regulate neurite outgrowth, functional synapse formation and ganglioside biosynthesis through activating GM3, GD3 and GQ1b synthases. Simultaneously, the activity of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase was also facilitated by L-PDMP. To evaluate the efficacy of this drug on long term memory, rats were trained for 2 weeks using an 8-arm radial maze task, and then forebrain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion (for 10 min × 2 with a 60 min interval). Repeated treatment of L-threo-PDMP (40 mg/kg, i.p. for 6 days, twice a day) starting 24 h after the ischemia, improved the deficit of the well-learned spatial memory, demonstrating the potential therapeutic use of the ceramide analog for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

18

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Glucosamine in serum of patients after myocardial infarction subjected to rehabilitation training

51%

Nowak A., Szczesniak L., Rychlewski T., Dylewicz P., Karolkiewicz J.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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1998

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tom 49

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nr 2

19

Difluoromethylornithine counteracts lesion-induced astrogliosis in rat hippocampus : enhancement of inhibitory effect by combined treatment with GM1 ganglioside

51%

Jeglinski W., Skup M., Zaremba M., Oderfeld-Nowak B.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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1996

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tom 56

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nr 2

20

Calcium-lipid-peptide interaction in artificial mono- and bilayer system: gangliosides and modulation of neuronal functions

45%

Rahmann H., Beitinger H., Rosner H., Kortje K. H.

Biophysics of Membrane Transport

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1992

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tom 11

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nr 2

Ograniczanie wyników

Gangliosides in the repair of brain cholinergic neurons

The role of target membrane sialic acid residues in the fusion activity of the influenza virus: the effect of two types of ganglioside on the kinetics of membrane merging

Photochemical labeling of HL-60 cell membrane proteins with radioiodinated, 4-azidosalicylic acid acylated derivatives of gangliosides

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of glycosphingolipids including gangliosides

Human fibroblasts in culture metabolize differently exogenous GM3 ganglioside species containing C18 and C20 sphingosine

The ceramide structure of GM1 ganglioside differently affects its recovery in low-density membrane fractions prepared from HL-60 cells with or without triton-X-100

New method for quantitative analysis of GD2 ganglioside in plasma of neuroblastoma patients

Glycoconjugates with NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc are more effective at preventing adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells than glycoconjugates with NeuAc-Gal-Glc

Glycolipid-protein interaction in the mechanism of signal transduction: Studies with a photoactivable ganglioside analogue

Comparative study of sialidase activity and Gm3 content in B16 melanoma variants with different metastatic potential

Photochemical labeling of human erythrocyte membrane proteins with radioiodinated 4-azidosalicylic acid derivatives of GM3, GD3, GM1, and FucGM1 gangliosides

Epitope dissection of receptor-active gangliosides with affinity for Helicobacter pylori and influenza virus

Effects of MK-801 and ganglioside GM1 on postischemic prostanoid release and hippocampal lesion in gerbil brain

Purification and characterization of avian glycolipid: beta-galactosyltransferases (GalT-4 and GalT-3): cloning and expression of truncated betaGalT-4

Cerebral inflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

Implication of glycolipids in lens fiber development

L-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol stimulates ganglioside biosynthesis, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in cultured cortical neurons, and ameliorates memory deficits in ischemic rats

Glucosamine in serum of patients after myocardial infarction subjected to rehabilitation training

Difluoromethylornithine counteracts lesion-induced astrogliosis in rat hippocampus : enhancement of inhibitory effect by combined treatment with GM1 ganglioside

Calcium-lipid-peptide interaction in artificial mono- and bilayer system: gangliosides and modulation of neuronal functions