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The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of spray- and freeze-drying techniques on the microencapsulation of a gallic acid compound using the acid-hydrolyzed low dextrose equivalent potato starch as a wall material. During the experiment, it was possible to achieve encapsulation efficiency of 70–84% for the freeze-dried and 65–79% for spray-dried samples, without statistically signifi cant difference (P>0.05) in the encapsulation efficiency between the mentioned methods. Spray-dried samples formed spherical capsules with a higher number of micropores. Meanwhile, freeze-dried samples were shapeless, exposed larger pore volume (from 2.4×10–3 to 9.5×10–3 cm3 /g against 1.2×10–3 4.9×10–3 cm3 /g; analyzed by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method) and overall higher surface area (0.632–1.225 m²/g against 0.472–1.296 m²/g; analyzed by Barrett-Joyner- -Halenda method). Due to this fact, more gallic acid molecules were exposed to environmental factors and can be counted as losses. In addition, freeze-dried samples demonstrated lower water activity than spray-dried samples (0.075±0.014 against 0.178±0.008). Results showed that it is not practical to use freeze-drying for modelling encapsulation for food industry without a special necessity for protection of easily degradable chemical compounds. The present work makes a basis for the future studies of the microencapsulated phenolics application in food production.
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The aim of our study were qualitative and quantitative analyses of two polyphenolic acids: chlorogenic and gallic acids. These compounds were determined in two species of Rhodiola: R. kirilowii and R. rosea. After collecting plants, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared. In order to identify analysed polyphenolic compounds ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS, Waters) was used. Gallic acid is commonly found in the roots of these plants. Aqueous extract in both species is a rich source of gallic acid. The UPLC-MS/MS studies allow to use this analytical method for determination of polyphenolic acids accordance with the requirements of ICH. Chromatographic method developed by our team is more precise then previously published.
Gallic and salicylic acids were extracted with 60% methanol from the ears of two winter triticale cultivars (Dagro and Malno). Separation of phenolic acids was carried out in HPLC column - Eurospher RP-18 with use of KNAUER Maxi-Star K-1000 pump. Mixture of methanol-0.1 M KH₂PO₄ (4.5:5.5) was as mobile phase. Absorbance of analysed phenolic compounds was measured at 230 nm. Obtained results showed that content of gallic and salicylic acids was higher in winter triticale Malno than Dagro. Simultaneously, the increase of salicylic acid concentration was observed in the ears of Malno plants as a result of aphid feeding.
 A previous report from our group had shown in vitro a direct interaction between peroxidases and dietary antioxidants at physiological concentrations, where in the absence of H2O2, the antioxidants could serve as oxidizing substrates for the peroxidases. However, the physiological relevance of those findings had not been evaluated. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the oxidizing products produced in the interaction between peroxidase and gallic acid at a physiological concentration of 1 μM may promote cell death or survival in a human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Our findings suggested that gallic acid may show a double-edged sword behaviour, since in the absence of H2O2 it may have a pro-oxidant effect which may promote cell injury (evidenced by LDH, Crystal Violet and calcein AM viability/citotoxicity assays), while in the presence of H2O2, gallic acid may act as an antioxidant inhibiting oxidative species produced in the peroxidase cycle of peroxidases. These observations were confirmed with several oxidative stress biomarkers and the evaluation of the activation of cell survival pathways like AKT and MAPK/ERK.
Studies on the contents of phenylpropanoids, salidroside, tyrosol, epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid in Rhodiola rosea roots during the vegetation period were carried out. Rosavin was the main compound of Rhodiola rosea roots. It was found that the time of harvest of roots had a significant effect on the contents of biologically active compounds.
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