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The use of dietary supplements has been observed for many years. Unfortunately, the status of food supplements and main differences between these and drugs remain unknown to most consumers. The purpose of the study was to analyze the opinions of future healthcare professionals on dietary supplements, their behavior concerning food supplementation, as well as their knowledge on the safety of these products.The survey was conducted among 354 future healthcare professionals, using a questionnaire composed of 21 items exploring demographic characteristics, knowledge of supplements, reasons for the use of dietary supplement, and recall of the use.All respondents knew that the purpose of using these products is supplementation. A vast majority of respondents (83.9%) thought that a diet with no supplementation is possible or probably possible. 49.4% of respondents (n=175) declared taking food supplements. The most commonly used ones (68.6%) were products recommended during illness and used to improve the condition of skin, hair, and nails. Moreover, dietary supplements mentioned by students included those containing herbal ingredients, such as: Equisetum arvense, Allium sativum, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba. Most of respondents buy dietary supplements at pharmacies (89.14%).
Climate change a phenomenon mainly caused by the high level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission into the atmosphere of the Earth - makes human ecosystems vulnerable and is predicted to affect our everyday life in the near future. The increased intensity of storms, cyclones, drought and flooding; the greater magnitude and frequency of heat and cold waves and the continuous rise of the sea-level are likely to generate more geopolitical conflicts, especially in the most vulnerable regions of the planet. The three main categories of climate change impacts are classified as environmental, economic and social effects. The economic and social consequences of climate change are expected to significantly reduce the resilience of rural tourism regions and their capability to successfully respond to other possible critical events. Due to the impacts of natural disasters and extreme climatic events, global climate change affects European rural regions, too. The development of sustainable rural tourism requires the in-depth understanding of the ongoing processes and the development of tools that will serve the interest of tourism and local people alike.
Future Internet and global competition among cities pushes us towards a connected world where people are the source of data for governments and enterprises. The technology is out there but the number of intelligent cities increases slowly. Required infrastructure is expensive and only the richest cities can afford it. Luckily, a "smart" alternative does exist - participatory sensing. It promises sustainability by engaging citizens and enterprises in building and maintaining sensing infrastructure. This paper reviews projects based on this paradigm in terms of business models.
Background. By leading a healthy lifestyle, medical students exert a positive influence on themselves and their future patients. The aim of the study was to compare the attitudes towards physical activity in future German and Italian physicians. Material and methods. The study involved 100 Italian and 100 German students aged from 19 to 24 years old. The research findings were drawn from Eurobarometer 72.3, which surveyed the participants on a set of questions regarding their physical activity. The chisquared test (ᵪ2) and the Mann–Whitney U test were used for the statistical analysis. Results. Only 4% students demonstrated high physical activity index. The Italian students usually practised sports outdoors (30% men and 26% women) or at a fitness centre (52% men and 30% women), whereas the German students exercised at a fitness centre (40% males and 64% females) or at university facilities (30% males and 24% females). There were some statistically significant values (p=0.000398). The most common factors that caused physical inactivity in medical students from both nations included: lack of time, no friends to do sports with, no sense of purposefulness of exercise and aversion to competition (p=0.000009). The German participants were more interested in sports than their Italian peers (p=0.000018). Conclusions. Medicinal students should be more physically active because they will promote a healthy lifestyle when counselling their patients. Free access to sports grounds at the university might also encourage them to spend more their leisure time actively.
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Rural areas in the Polish regional policy till 2020

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The aim of the paper is to present current dilemmas of placing of rural areas development in regional policy. Realization of this aim was possible through a review of literature and documents connected with regional policy. There were presented two discussed models of regional policy: model of equalization vs. the polarisation and diffusion model, the new paradigm of regional policy as well as a place of rural areas development in regional policy. The place of rural areas in the Polish regional policy till 2020 was determined basing on the National Strategy of Regional Development 2010-2020: Regions, Cities, Rural Areas. It can be concluded that the Polish regional policy perceives both developed rural areas and support them within the first objective of the Strategy competitiveness as well as rural areas lagging behind, which can get help within the second objective cohesion.
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Astroecology, cosmo-ecology, and the future of life

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Astroecology concerns the relations between life and space resources, and cosmo-ecology extrapolates these relations to cosmological scales. Experimental astroecology can quantify the amounts of life that can be derived from space resources. For this purpose, soluble carbon and electrolyte nutrients were measured in asteroid/meteorite materials. Microorganisms and plant cultures were observed to grow on these materials, whose fertilities are similar to productive agricultural soils. Based on measured nutrient contents, the 1022 kg carbonaceous asteroids can yield 1018 kg biomass with N and P as limiting nutrients (compared with the estimated 1015 kg biomass on Earth). These data quantify the amounts of life that can be derived from asteroids in terms of time-integrated biomass [BIOTAint = biomass (kg) × lifetime (years)], as 1027 kg-years during the next billion years of the Solar System (a thousand times the 1024 kg-years to date). The 1026 kg cometary materials can yield biota 10 000 times still larger. In the galaxy, potential future life can be estimated based on stellar luminosities. For example, the Sun will develop into a white dwarf star whose 1015 W luminosity can sustain a BIOTAint of 1034 kg-years over 1020 years. The 1012 main sequence and white and red dwarf stars can sustain 1046 kg-years of BIOTAint in the galaxy and 1057 kg-years in the universe. Life has great potentials in space, but the probability of present extraterrestrial life may be incomputable because of biological and ecological complexities. However, we can establish and expand life in space with present technology, by seeding new young solar systems. Microbial representatives of our life-form can be launched by solar sails to new planetary systems, including extremophiles suited to diverse new environments, autotrophs and heterotrophs to continually form and recycle biomolecules, and simple multicellulars to jump-start higher evolution. These programs can be motivated by life-centered biotic ethics that seek to secure and propagate life. In space, life can develop immense populations and diverse new branches. Some may develop into intelligent species that can expand life further in the galaxy, giving our human endeavors a cosmic purpose.
The present paper analyses the issues of asset supply in Hungarian agricultural enterprises. The results of empirical research carried out into specialized field crop farms have revealed a number of anomalies. By analyzing the indicators which describe asset supply, a substantial capacity surplus and capacity shortage existing paralelly was observed in Hungarian agriculture. Most small farms were seen to use their assets wastefully. If the costs related with machine use are modelled, a close negative correlation between farm size and machine use cost is observed. On the basis of cost structure examination and former conclusions, a clear affirmative answer can be given to the question in the title. Unfortunately, the present farming practice is that farms with capacity shortage procure the required resources in the form of renting services and not by way of other cooperation arrangement solutions.
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