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Field studies were carried out in the 2004 – 2005 growing seasons. The mycological analysis of malting barley (varieties Prestige and Sezam) grains was performed twice: on seeds stored for 30 days and on seeds stored for fi ve months. The infl uence of fungicide treatment on species diversity and the amount of fungal pathogens on kernels of both varieties of malting barley were determined in the studies. Main fungal pathogens of both varieties of malting barley were fi eld fungal species, such as: Alternaria alternata, Epicocum purpurascens, and fungi of the genus Fusarium. The extension of the grain storage period to fi ve months resulted in an increased share of pathogenic species.
Studies on the economic efficiency of pesticides used on spring triticale were conducted in 2008-2010 in Boguchwała (south-eastern Poland). On average from 52.0 to 86.2% of leaves were infested by triticale diseases. The efficiency of applied fungicides ranged from 44.2 to 87.7%. Yield increase was from 160 to 565 PLN from 1 ha. The cost coverage ratio was from 1.0 to 3.1, and the profitability ratio for treatments was from 2.3 to 7.3. The percentage cost ratio was from 3.5 to 10.4.
Leaf diseases' influence the relationship between the yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field experiments were conducted during 2003-2006 on a light loamy gleyic cambisoil in the central part of Lithuania to determine how leaf disease severity level affects grain yield and yield components. The area under disease progress curves (AUDPC), grain yield and yield components were analysed using the analysis of variance and correlations. Infected wheat straw was applied to initiate epidemics in all treatments. Three winter wheat cultivars: Hereward, Aron and Tauras differing in the level of resistance to leaf diseases were used in the experiments. In total, six treatments were established: (i) untreated control, (ii) powdery mildew control (pmc) + leaf diseases severity level 0%, (iii) pmc + leaf diseases severity level 1.0-5.0%, (iv) pmc + leaf diseases severity level 5.1-10.0%, (v) pmc + leaf diseases severity level 10.1-25.0%, (vi) pmc + leaf diseases severity level > 25.1%. Wheat in all treatments, except for the untreated control, was protected by morpholine and triazole fungicides. Yield and yield components were affected by leaf diseases in all the treated cultivars during all experimental years. Significant (p ≶ 0.01) medium and strong correlation coefficients were found between AUDPC and yield in all the treated cultivars under high pressure of leaf diseases in 2004.
A laboratory experiment was performed on three winter wheat cultivars: Legenda, Sukces and Zyta. Seeds were treated with Maxim 025 FS (fludioxonil), Vitavax 2000 FS (carboxin and thiram) and Zaprawa zbożowa Orius 060 FS (tebuconazole). Treated seeds were incubated for 14 days on Petri dishes in temperature 20°C. The following parameters were evaluated: length and fresh weight of shoot, length and fresh weight of root and number of primary roots. In most cases no significant differences in evaluated winter wheat growth parameters were stated between seed treatments and untreated object. However, some tendencies concerning applied seed treatments could be observed. After the application of seed treatment containing carboxin and thiram (Vitavax 2000 FS) the shoot length on all cultivars was the highest in comparison to untreated object and other seed treatments. The root length and weight was mostly the lowest. After the application of seed treatment containing fludioxonil (Maxim 025 FS) root length on all cultivars was the highest as compared to the other objects. The root weight was lower than in untreated object. The number of primary roots was mostly the lowest in comparison to untreated object and other seed treatments. After the application of seed treatment containing tebuconazole (Zaprawa zbożowa Orius 060 FS) the root weight and number of primary roots of all cultivars was the highest in comparison to untreated object and other seed treatments. The shoot weight was mostly the highest.
The objective of this study was spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Monsun at early growth stages. The response of spring wheat plants to the biological (Pythium oligandrum) and chemical (a.s. tebukonazol, tiuram) seed dressing against crown rot pathogens (Fusarium spp.) under various soil water regimes was determined. Tillering of wheat (measured as number of stems per plant), biomass of wheat, and crown rot severity were strongly affected both by seed dressing and the water regime. Biological, as well as chemical seed dressing, significantly improved tillering of wheat, meanwhile the dry biomass of wheat was greater for chemical dressing merely. The most favourable moisture of 80% of water soil capacity resulted in the greatest number of stems and the greatest biomass of spring wheat. However, at this moisture the crown rot severity reached the highest level (24–30%). Efficacy of biological and chemical seed dressing in controlling Fusarium spp. was comparable.
The aim of the research performed in 2008 was the evaluation of effects of seed dressing of onion, carrot, parsley, white cabbage and cucumber against some soil pathogens. Their effectiveness was compared with the standard products. The research showed that the investigated fungicides and their mixtures improved germination and health of seeds. The most effective were Zaprawa Funaben T (tiuram + karbendazim) + Apron XL 350 ES (metalaxyl), Zaprawa Nasienna T Zawiesinowa (tiuram). These chemicals were more effective than the standard product, Sancozeb 80 WP (containing mancozeb).
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