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One of the methods limiting the damages done by Armillaria species is to decrease the number of dead wood stumps attacked by it, particularly it refers to deciduous tree stumps.The objective of the presented paper was an attempt to estimate the possibility to select some saprotrophic fungi species whose ability of decaying oak wood is higher and faster than that of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and Armillaria gallica Marxm & Romagn, and which could be utilized in a biological protection method preventing Armillaria root-wood attack. All analyzed wood samples were colonized by tested mycelia. Among the fungi which could be utilized in a biological method of protection against root mould caused by Armillaria, the fungus Tramestes versicolor has shown to be the best suited for this purpose. Four different isolates were tested, which have confirmed their efficiency in decaying oak heartwood. Therefore, this fungus could be used for the elaboration of a biopreparation protecting effectively against Armillaria root rot.
Many ecological terms are very difficult to define, or to apply to some groups of organisms. In the case of fungi, it is unclear how to speak of individuals, populations and species. Relying on morphological characters often gives ambiguous results. However, in recent years new techniques have been developed, techniques that provide us with robust tools, helpful in recognizing specific groups in nature. This paper aims to give a short overview of how molecular methods are used to delimitate species, individuals and populations in fungi.
A total of 111 isolates of yeast-like fungi and yeasts belonging to 40 species of 19 genera were identified in indoor air and outdoor air. Only one species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, was recorded in both types of air and seasons (spring and autumn). Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarrowia lipolytica, a species having the greatest symbiotic abilities, dominated in indoor air and outdoor air, respectively. Intensely used rooms, especially those with limited access of air, have the broadest range of species of yeast-like fungi. A comparison of both habitats shows that school rooms pose a greater epidemiological risk of yeast-like infections than outdoor air. The indoor as well as outdoor mycobiota undergoes phenological changes although it is determined by other biotic and abiotic factors.
Bioproduct on the basis of aurine applied in vitro decreased the growth and spore germination of 10 fungal species by 25 to 99%. Application of Trichodermin biopreparate in the control of cucumber Fusarium root rot significantly decreased the disease development.
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In the year 2003, the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the phylum Glomeromycota in cultivated and uncultivated soils of the Lubuskie province was investigated. The occurrence of AMF was examined based on 56 root and rhizosphere soils collected under 7 species of cultivated and uncultivated plants growing in 28 localities. Spores of AMF were isolated from both field-collected samples and trap cultures. They were revealed in 100% of field soils and 93.8% of trap cultures and represented 7 of the 8 recognized genera of the Glomeromycota. The arbuscular fungi occurring distinctly more frequently in the soil and root samples examined were members of the genus Glomus. The species of AMF most frequently occurring in cultivated soils of the Lubuskie province were G. claroideum, G. constrictum, G. deserticola and G. mosseae, whereas G. claroideum, G. constrictum, G. deserticola, G. mosseae, and S. dipurpurescens were more frequently found in uncultivated sites. The analysis of similarity of the species composition of AMF populations in sites of the Lubuskie province and the Western Pomeranian province earlier examined showed that (1) the occurrence in Poland of most taxa of these fungi detected in the study presented here is even and does not change with time, (2) the communities of AMF area are stable, despite the arduousness resulting from the agricultural and chemical practices conducted, and (3) the species diversity of the plants cultivated in a long period of time has no influence on the species composition of populations of AMF.
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The study was conducted in the years 2003-2004 on four low peatland peat soil profiles located in the Narew National Park. All studied soils were sedge peat soils sampled from various habitats. The recognition of the soil fungi communities and their stratification in the studied profiles were the aim of the study. The 214 isolates were made, which were represented by 45 species. The reason for little differentiation of quantitative-qualitative structures of soil fungi communities in peat soils is their high moisture. The distinct differentiation among the soil fungi communities was observed. These results suggest that not only the soil-forming process affects the soil fungi communities development but also the soil properties, which were under influence in the past and have been still affected by the habitat conditions, are very important to the development process of soil fungi communities.
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The aim of the study was to determine the fungi causing dying out of one-year- old heather seedlings. Observations were carried out on: 'Amethyst', 'Annemarie', Colette’, 'Perestroika' and 'Reini'. The shoots revealing necrotic symptoms were plated on PDA medium. 25 species of fungi were isolated. Among them Pestalotia sydowiana, Alternaria alternata, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium and Epicoccum purpurascens were dominant, while Mammaria echinobotryoides, Phoma leveillei, Kaissleriella subalpina, Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora cinnamomi occurred less frequently.
In 1998-2001, the healthiness of thyme cultivated in the region of Lublin was examined, Surveys were made on the one-year-old plantations of thyme at a stage f 6-week-old seedlings and just before the first harvest of the crop, as well as on e two-year-old plantations in spring and before the last harvest. The percentage the plants showing fungal disease symptoms and the index of infection with, fungi were determined. The fungi were isolated from superficially disinfected plant fragments namely from roots, bases of stem and leaves, separately, using 'eral culture medium. PDA and SNA media were used to culture Fusarium spp. malt-agar and Czapek-Dox ones to culture Penicillium spp. and malt-agar, oat-agar and cherry-agar ones to culture Phoma spp. The percentage of plant infected with the fungi ranged within 12.18 and 23.05, in case of the one-year-old ,plantations, and within 29.91 and 43.65 in the two-year-old ones, whereas values the index of infection ranged within 11.56 and 24.69 and within 20.75 and .28, respectively. Necroses were observed on roots and base of stems on one'-old and two-year-old plantations, but in the last period of vegetation of thyme to harvest, very often stems and leaves showed symptoms of a complete necrosis. It was found that base of stems and roots of thyme in the first and the second year of cultivation were colonized by a complex of pathogenic fungi.
The investigations were done between 1990-1994. Seedlings collected from 120 plantations were evaluated. The fungi responsible for seedling damping-off occurrening most often were Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. isolated from 46,3, 32,2 and 16,6% of infected plants, respectively. The most important pathogens were A. petroselini which infected 33% of seedlings and A. radicina - 11%. Among Fusarium species the most common was F. avenaceum, comprising 61% of total Fusarium isolates. The next were following: F. culmorum - 21%, F. solani - 12,6% and 3% for both F. equiseti and F. oxysporum. Damping-off of seedlings was also caused by the other fungi but they were noted in low intensity. Among them were following: Phoma spp., A. alternata and Rhizoctonia solani on 2,8; 2,3 and 1,2% of tested seedlings, respectively. The species: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Septoria petroselini were isolated in total from 0,9% of seedlings. Drechslern biseptatu and Stemphylium botryosum caused seedling damping-off sporadically.
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