The study presents an analysis of the restriction pattern of rDNA fragments of 95 C. albicans isolates previously classified on the basis of the presence of the intron in rDNA into genotypes A (62 isolates), B (28), and C (5). Most isolates (61) with genotype A were classified as "subtype a" and one as "subtype d" (Karahan and Akar; 2005). No differences were observed in the restriction patterns of the tested genotype B isolates. Similarly, most genotype C strains (4/5) showed the same restriction pattern. The results indicate low subtyping variations of the analyzed isolates, which is in contrast to published data obtained from a Turkish collection of yeasts.
Grazing preferences of collembolans Ceratophysellasp. 1 were noted. The collembolans feed on the sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensisgrowing on plants Cucumis sativusin greenhouses in Esfahan province in Iran. Sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensiswere the preferred food of all fungal species noted in the alimental tract of the springtails. All digestive tracts of the springtails contained sporangia of P. cubensis.
The need for phytosanitary control enhancement in Ukraine is discussed because of the increase in international trade of agricultural commodities posing the risk of the introduction of destructive adventive species. Up to 200 species not distributed in Ukraine, are detected annually in imported agricultural commodities. The entry, establishment, and spread of some of these nonindigenous species can threaten regional agricultural production or/and biodiversity. This article provides a comprehensive review covering the distribution of quarantined species in the Ukraine, with an accent on phytosanitary measures employed for their control.
European beech is a superior competitor among the trees of Central Europe, often growing in pure stands. We proposed a hypothesis, that once beech has reached dominance in forest community, it's recruitment could become limited due to the gradual accumulation of pathogens attacking seeds and seedlings. We employed data on seed production and germination along with a field experiment to estimate the germination success of beech in two old-growth forests. Beech produced more seeds than the co-occurring coniferous trees, but less than 1% of beechnuts germinated in the next season. In the field experiment, the percentage of decayed beechnuts was 57% in the Carpathians and 61% in the Alps. Most of the dead germinants and decayed beechnuts were infested by fungi. The average number of fungal colonies per one sample in the Carpathians was significantly higher after mast year than one year before, while the differences between the Alps and Carpathians after mast years were statistically not significant. Fungi have been isolated from practically all dead beechnuts and dead germinants. The number of beechnuts per seed trap, the number of germinants around it and the relative number of fungal colonies obtained from plastic boxes placed in the same sample plot were not significantly correlated. The mortality of germinants continued throughout the spring; the number of life germinants in the middle of May amounted to 0.87% of the initial number of beechnuts in the Carpathians and only 0.28% in the Alps. High rates of beechnut and germinant mortality could probably offset the huge reproductive effort of European beech in old-growth stands and limit the possibility to attain absolute dominance by that species. However, our hypothesis that the build-up of fungal pathogens on the forest floor old-growth stands is able to stop the regeneration of beech still needs to be tested using larger data sets.
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. is one of the soft woody species occurring all along the Western Ghats region of Kundapura, Karnataka, India. The species is considered to be a potent medicinal plant exclusively used against itch and septic poisoning. A study was under gone based on the report of forest department (Karnataka) on mortality of Carallia brachiata. Observation of symptoms on the infected trees and experimental analysis of the samples under laboratory conditions revealed the incidence of Neofusicoccum sp., a first report on Carallia brachiata. This particular Neofusicoccum sp. belongs to Botryospaeriaceae family, and is considered to be an important fungal pathogen associated with tree decline in forest and plantation worldwide.
The aim of this study was to estimate the susceptibility of a tuft (ssp. commutata – cultivar Mirena) and creeping (ssp. rubra – cultivar Nista) forms of Festuca rubra to infestation by pathogenic fungi and the effect of chemical protection on the health of plants grown for seeds. The study was conducted in 2004-2006 (first series) and in 2005-2007 (second series) at the Experimental Variety Testing Station in Chrząstowo (53°09’ N; 17°35’ E). Fungicides containing azoxystrobin, prochloraz and propiconazole were applied for protection against fungal pathogens. The assessment of disease symptom intensity was conducted in the summer and autumn periods based on modified scales by Birckenstaedt et al. [1994]. In the establisment and production years we found a moderate infestation of red fescue of the cultivars Mirena and Nista by pathogenic fungi. Highest values of leaf disease index at a level of DI = 16.9% were registered in the case of leaf spots. Occurrence of rust and powdery mildew stayed at a lower level. Presence of Microdochium nivale was registered sporadically. Higher susceptibility of the creeping cultivar Nista to infestation by fungi causing leaf spots and powdery mildew was observed. In the vast majority of cases applying chemical protection significantly decreased a degree of plant infestation in the summer period.
Candida albicans is a major human fungal pathogen especially as an etiologic agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections. Moreover, C. albicans can be involved in the deep infections and recent evidence suggests that the majority of diseases produced by this pathogen are associated with biofilm growth. The aims of this study were to evaluate biofilm production ability of C. albicans strains isolated from different sources, and to evaluate the effect of serum for enhancement the growth of biofilm. The strains used in this study were obtained from three sources; 12 from feces of patients with gastrointestinal disturbances, 13 from the oral cavity of patients with oral candidiasis, and 16 from the vagina of patients with Candida vulvovaginitis (CVV). Polystyrene 96-well plates were used to grow biofilms and crystal violet (CV) staining method was used to evaluate the growth. There were no differences in biofilm growth expressed as CV absorbance between C. albicans strains from different origins neither in Yeast Nitrogen Base broth (YNB) or in bovine serum (BS) (ANOVA, P=0.1648, P=0.5106, respectively). In the BS, the biofilm production was greater than in YNB medium for all samples (ANOVA, P=0.0003).
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