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Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene inhibitor, considera­bly prolongs the storage and shelf life of apples, and diminishes the occurrence of some physiological diseases, such as scald. Various fruit quality parameters define fruit acceptance by consumers, while some also determine the storability of fruits, including firmness, acidity and internal ethylene concentration. The aroma of apples is regarded as one of the most important quality parameters. Many factors influence the aroma profile, with ethylene having a key role in the biosynthesis of flavour com­pounds. 1-MCP is an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis and is now widely used. We tested apples of the three main cultivars grown in Slovenia ('Idared', 'Jonagold' and 'Golden Delicious') following their treatment with 1 ^l l-1 1-MCP at +1 °C, with 6 months of storage under standard ultra-low oxygen storage conditions (1.2% O2, 1.5% CO2). The fruits were analysed for firmness and ground colour, with headspace analy­ses of the aroma compounds, before and after storage. Compared with the control fruits, 1 -MCP-treated apples had significantly improved firmness and colour parame­ters (L*, a*, b*), but showed strong inhibition of total aroma production. Among the aroma compounds, the esters were most severely suppressed by the treatment with 1 - MCP, with the exception of 2-methylethyl acetate. In general, 1-MCP positively af­fected most of the quality parameters (fruit firmness, ground colour, acidity), but greatly suppressed the synthesis of the aroma volatiles.
In 2007-2009, eighteen gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.) cultivars were evalu­ated in the growing conditions of central Poland. They were 'White Smith', 'Captiva- tor', 'Hinnonmaki Gelb', 'Hinnonmaki Rot', 'Invicta', 'Kamieniar', 'Krasnoslavian- ski', 'Laskovij', 'Macurines', 'Misorskij', 'Niesluchovski', 'Pax', 'Pixwell', 'Pusz- kinskij', 'Rochus', 'Rolonda', 'Ruskos' and 'Spine Free'. The following cultivar features were assessed: fruit yield (date of ripening, yield, size of fruits and colour of fruit skin), susceptibility to fungal leaf diseases: American powdery mildew Sphaero- theca mors-uvae (Schwein.) Berk. et Curt. and leaf spot Drepanopeziza ribis (Kelb.) Petrak, plant growth (the height and the width of bushes) and plant habit. Cultivars 'Niesluchovski', 'Hinnonmaki Gelb', 'Hinnonmaki Rot' and 'Invicta' were the earli­est to ripen. Fruits of 'Captivator' and 'Spine Free' ripened the latest. The highest fruit yields were harvested from the cultivars 'Pixwell', 'Puszkinskij' and 'Laskovij', and the lowest were from 'Ruskos', 'Pax', 'Hinnonmaki Gelb' and 'Niesluchovski'. The various cultivars differed in the colour of the fruits. They produced green, yel­low, light red, red, and dark red fruit skins. The most susceptible to American pow­dery mildew were 'White Smith' and 'Krasnoslavianski'. The remaining cultivars showed very little infection or they were not infected at all. The leaves of all cultivars were affected by leaf spot in the low or medium range, except for the cultivar 'White Smith', whose leaves were highly infected by this disease. The bushes of the cultivars 'Pixwell', 'Ruskos', 'Laskovij' and 'Misorkij' grew the most vigorously. 'White Smith', 'Niesluchovski' and 'Hinnonmaki Gelb' produced the smallest plants. Culti­vars 'Macurines' and 'Puszkinskij' were characterized by the widest spreading plant habit.
Spaghetti squash is an interesting novelty in Poland. Popularization of spaghetti squash cultivation in our country requires development of agricultural recommendations. The size and the quality of yield is highly affected by the sowing date and plant population. The paper presents the results of a four-year study on the effect of the sowing date (5, 15 and 25 May) and plant spacing (1 × 0.6 m, 1 × 0.8 m and 1 × 1 m, ie. 16,668, 12,500 and 10,000 plants per ha) on the yield of spaghetti squash (‘Makaronowa Warszawska’ and ‘Pyza’) under the soil and climatic conditions of central-eastern Poland. The highest yield per hectare and the largest number of marketable fruits per plant was obtained while sowing on 5 May. Delaying the sowing date resulted in a decrease in the yield per hectare and of the number of marketable fruits per plant, although the average weight of a marketable fruit sown on 15 and 25 May did not significantly differ in comparison to sowing on 5 May. Increasing the spacings between plants from 1 × 0.6 m to 1 × 1 m resulted in decreasing the yield per hectare, but the number of marketable fruits per plant was larger. Plant spacing did not have a significant effect on the average weight of a marketable fruit. The yield per hectare for the ‘Pyza’ was larger in comparison to the ‘Makaronowa Warszawska’. The number of marketable fruits per plant did not significantly differ, but the weight of the ‘Pyza’ fruit was higher.
Four tomato cultivars Macarena F₁, Faustine F₁, Cathy F₁ and Fanny F₁ were used in the study. Transplants were grown in a greenhouse. Seeds were sown at the end of March. The plants were grafted on Maxifort F₁ rootstock on April 5, 6 and 21 in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 without the use of biostimulators. In the case of the other combinations each year the following treatments with biostimulators were performed: watering with Goteo 0.1% solution (twice – 4 and 2 weeks before planting and three times after planting at three-week intervals), spraying with BM 86 0.1% solution (four times every three weeks starting at the blooming of the first cluster). In the control combination plants were untreated with biostimulators and were not grafted. Physical properties were determined and sensory analysis of tomato fruit was performed. The results showed that there was no significant influence of the applied preparations on the a*/b* value of fruits which depended mostly on the cultivars. The highest fruit firmness was obtained with BM preparation and in Faustine F₁ and Cathy F₁ cultivars. There was no significant influence of the preparations on sensory quality of fruits. Variability in sensory quality of fruits rather depended on the analyzed cultivars than on the investigated combination.
The effects of combined aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on quality attributes of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry fruit during the cold storage and shelf life were investigated in this study. Significantly lower weight loss and decay ratios were observed in all treatments throughout the cold storage period as compared to the control. A similar case was also observed referring to the shelf life. MAP treatments were found to be more effective in retarding the weight loss and decay ratio. Higher hue angle values were measured from AVG-treated fruit at harvest. Similarly, hue angle of AVG and MAP-treated fruit were also higher than for the control in all periods of cold storage and on the 7th and 21st day of shelf life. AVG-treated fruit had higher firmness values than the control at harvest. However, higher firmness values were measured from MAP-treated fruit during the cold storage and shelf life. At the end of cold storage, lower SSC and higher titratable acidity values were observed in AVG and MAP-treated fruit than in the control. AVG + MAP treatments yielded significantly higher vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidant activity values than the control. Contrarily, the control fruit had significantly higher total monomeric anthocyanin than the other treatments. Based on current findings, it was concluded that combined AVG + MAP treatments could be used as a beneficial tool to maintain the quality of sweet cherry fruit throughout the cold storage and shelf life.
It is difficult to estimate the importance of plant pigments in plant biology. Chlorophylls are the most important pigments, as they are required for photosynthesis. Carotenoids are also necessary for their functions in photosynthesis. Other plant pigments such as flavonoids play a crucial role in the interaction between plants and animals as visual signals for pollination and seed scattering. Studies related to plant pigmentation are one of the oldest areas of work in plant science. The first publication about carotenoids appeared in the early nineteenth century, and the term "chlorophyll" was first used in 1818 (Davies, 2004). Since then, the biochemical structure of plant pigments has been revealed, as have the biosynthetic pathways for the major pigments that provide a useful variety of colors to blossoms and other plant organs. There is widespread interest in the application of molecular methods to improve our knowledge of gene regulation mechanisms and changes in plant pigment content. Genetic modification has been used to alter pigment production in transgenic plants. This review focuses on flower pigmentation, its biochemistry and biology. It presents a general overview of the major plant pigment groups as well as rarer plant dyes and their diversity and function in generating the range of colors observed in plants.
W trakcie transportu, przeładunku i obrotu handlowego jabłka często ulegają uszkodzeniom, wśród których obicia i odgniecenia miąższu są najczęstszą przyczyną trwałych, widocznych zmian barwy na powierzchni owocu, wpływających na niższą ocenę konsumencką. Celem badań była parametryczna ocena zmian barwy wywołanej obiciem w okresie obrotu handlowego jabłek. Obicia wywołano obciążeniem udarowym o wartości energii: 0,74; 1,32 i 2,06 J. Badania prowadzono na jabł- -kach klonu ‘Szampion Arno’, określając parametr jasności L* i chromatyczności a* i b* zgodnie ze standardem CIE L*a*b*. Zaobserwowano, że na jaśniejszej stronie o barwie podstawowej obicia owoców o ciemniejszej barwie są w większym stopniu widoczne w okresie obrotu handlowego. Parametr jasności L* barwy podstawowej w tym okresie maleje od wartości 74,47 do 39,21, świadcząc o ciemnieniu miejsca obicia owocu, podobnie jak udział barwy żółtej, który potwierdzają malejące wartości parametru b* na całej powierzchni owocu. Natomiast parametr chromatyczności a*, reprezentujący czerwony kolor obicia od strony barwy podstawowej, wzrasta w zakresie od 6,8 do 29,68, uwidaczniając podskórne brązowienie tkanki. Ciemnienie obić opisane parametrem jasności L* jest mniej widoczne na powierzchni rumieńca – zmiany tego parametru maleją w zakresie od 41,28 do 27,82. Natomiast już po 6 dniach trudno zaobserwować różnice parametryczne jasności pomiędzy obiciem a barwą rumieńca. Generalnie, barwa rumieńca jabłek klonu ‘Szampion Arno’ jest bardziej wyrównana i parametr chromatyczności a* wskazuje na nieznaczne zróżnicowanie barwy czerwonej (47,32-34,79), a obicia stają się bardziej widoczne od strony przeciwnej, na co wskazuje wzrost udziału barwy czerwonej (parametr a* od 7,86 do 27,38), który zależy od wartości energii udaru. Jednak już po 2 dniach zmiany barwy obić na stronie przeciwnej do rumieńca (strona barwy podstawowej jabłek) wywołują negatywną ocenę jakości.
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