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Analytical procedures for the determination of selected speciation forms of sulphur have been proposed. The method for conversion of sulphur sols into homogeneous solutions sols allowing simultaneous determination of sulphur either in model solutions or in sols environmental samples has been described. The methods for determination of sulphur sols, elemental sulphur, soluble and insoluble sulphides, sulphates and total sulphur have been optimized. Selected speciation forms of sulphur were determined in the same samples of water and bottom sediments from the eutrophic lakes Lipno and Kiekrz, lying close to Poznan. The speciation analysis proposed is based on the catalytic, chromatographic, ion-selective methods and absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of the speciation forms of sulphur determined ranged from micrograms to milligrams per litre.
Research was conducted on the number, secondary production and physiological properties of benthic bacteria in the eutrophic Lake Chełmżyńskie. It was found that the number of psychrophilic bacteria (CFU) occurring in the bottom sediments of the studied lake and the rate of bacterial production (BP) were all characterized by a distinct seasonal variability and depended on the location of the study site and the type of bottom sediments (ANOVA, p-value <0.05). The maximum total number of bacteria (TNB), CFU and BP were observed in summer. Muddy sediments were characterized by a greater number of bacteria than sandy ones. A higher number of heterotrophic microorganisms and greater rate of secondary production were found at the sites located in the part of the studied waterbody near the town than at the sites located far from the town. The most numerous benthic bacteria were strains of hydrolyse fat, protein and cellulose. The least numerous were pectinolytic and chitinolytic bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance of bacteria was observed in various aquatic environments including seas, rivers, lakes, coastal areas, surface water and sediments. The increased implementation of antibiotics into these environments through medical therapy, agriculture and animal husbandry has resulted in new selective pressures on natural bacterial aquatic populations. Antibiotic resistance of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the surface microlayer and subsurface water of freshwater coastal polymictic and low-productive lake was studied. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the single disc diffusion method. The resistance level of bacteria to various antibiotics differed considerably. Bacteria were most resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin and penicillin. Majority of bacterial strains showed resistance to 4–6 out of 18 antibiotics tested. As a rule, neustonic bacteria (antibiotic resistance index, ARI 0.44) were more resistant to the studied antibiotics than planktonic bacteria (ARI 0.32). 70–90% of neustonic bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin, 60– 70% of planktonic bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and penicillin. Differences between pigmented and non-pigmented bacteria in their resistance to the tested antibiotics were observed. Above 40% of achromogenic bacterial strains were resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin and penicillin. Among bacterial strains characterised by their ability to synthesize carotenoids, more than 30% was resistant to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Bacterial resistance level to antibiotics depended on their chemical structure. Bacteria isolated from study lake were most resistant to quinolones and lincosamides while they were most susceptible to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Results presented in this paper indicate that antibiotics are a significant selection factor and probably play an important role in regulating the composition of bacterial communities in aquatic ecosystems. Adaptive responses of bacterial communities to several antibiotics observed in the present study may have possible implications for the public health.
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