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Quantitative and qualitative studies dealing with histomorphometry of the bone tissue play a new role in modern legal medicine/forensic medicine and archaeozoology nowadays. This study deals with the differences found in case of humerus and metapodial bones of recent sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) specimens, both from a qualitative point of view, but mainly from a quantitative perspective. A novel perspective given by the fractal analysis performed on the digital histological images is approached. This study shows that the qualitative assessment may not be a reliable one due to the close resemblance of the structures. From the quantitative perspective (several measurements performed on osteonal units and statistical processing of data), some of the elements measured show significant differences among 3 species (the primary osteonal diameter, etc.). The fractal analysis and the lacunarity of the images show a great deal of potential, proving that this type of analysis can be of great help in the separation of the material from this perspective. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 239–248)
Two statistical methods, fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics, are tested for their applicability to ostracod systematics. For this comparison, two morphologically similar ostracod species (Krithe compressa and Krithe iniqua) whose genus−level systematics is still incompletely resolved, are selected. Twenty−nine right valves of each species were collected from the upper Pliocene samples at the Monte San Nicola section in southern Italy. Statistical analyses (MANOVA on morphometric shape variables, and D values) were utilized to test if geometric morphometrics and fractal analysis are appropriate into discriminating between the two species. Both methods succeeded in distinguishing the species statistically. The fractal analysis of the two ostracod species shows D values centered on 1.31±0.02 for Krithe iniqua and on 1.40±0.02 for Krithe compressa. Geometric morphometric analysis indicates significant differences between the two species and allows studying intra−populational variability as well as. The most variable traits indicated by geometric morphometrics are vestibular area and posterior outline of the shell, indicating that these traits are the most relevant for the systematics of the species analyzed. Both fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics provide a measure of population variability. Fractal analysis has the advantage of being free from any subjectivity in the selection of characters and could be most appropriate to use for analysis of complex ornamentation for systematic purposes. However, a possible advantage of geometric morphometrics over fractal analysis is its ability to indicate where statistically significant variations in shape occur on the shell.
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