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The process of oocytes maturation in mammals is regulated by the expression of many types of cell-specific genes. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation is based on activation of biochemical and metabolic pathways that lead to reaching the full maturation stage (MII) of oocytes. The most recent data indicates that the proteins belonging to transforming the growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily play an important role in the process of oocytes maturation, as well as of reaching full developmental capacity by these cells. Moreover, it has been clearly showed that the proteins belonging to TGF-β such as inhibins (INHA, INHB) and activins regulate both folliculo- and oogenesis by the stimulation and/or inhibition of several biochemical pathways. In this review, the most recent knowledge about the role of proteins belonging to TGF-β superfamily in the regulation of folliculogenesis, oogenesis and oocytes maturation has been presented and discussed.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of large doses of exogenous gonadotrophins on ovarian follicular growth in goats. Folliculogenesis in twelve Polish White Goats was studied in the breeding season. In every goat synchronization of estrus was realized using FGA. In group 1 (6 goats), 1200 iu of PMSG was injected at the day of sponge withdrawal (day 17). In group 2 (6 goats), for four consecutive days from day 15, 40 iu, 30 iu, 20 iu, 10 iu of FSH was injected twice a day. Daily examinations of ovaries were performed from the day when sponges were inserted, to the ovulation in the second day after superovulation estrous cycle. The number of follicles growing during medication using FGA did not differ between groups, and did not differ from observations performed during natural estrous cycle. In ovulation wave of group 1 22.2 (± 3.92) of follicles were growing, and 21 (± 3.95) reached diameter of ³ 5 mm. In ovulation wave of group 2 20.2 (± 2.93) of follicles were growing, and 18.5 (± 2.07) reached a diameter of ³ 5 mm. The differences between groups were insignificant. The ovulation rate in group 1 was 13.2 (± 3.06), and was significantly lower (P £ 0.05) than in group 2, i.e. 17.5 (± 3.67). After ovulation in the animals of group 1, follicular cysts appeared and disturbed folliculogenesis of the next estrous cycle. In the first wave there were more follicles then in the natural cycle, but after the second wave recruitment was stopped. In the ovulation wave less follicles were growing than in the natural cycle, however the ovulation rate was typical. There were larger numbers of growing follicles in the first postovulatory wave in group 2, nevertheless there were no disturbances in the rest of the cycle.
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This review presents the molecular basis of mechanisms regulating oogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the species specificity of these mechanisms and genetic determinants of successful fertilization in pigs. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis are species-specific processes, although several features are common to all mammals. These features are especially visible in the molecular basis of these processes. The most important genetic factors regulating normal oogenesis and folliculogenesis include the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and several other proteins from the TGFβ family. Several experiments have indicated the influence of this gene’s expression on the ability of oocytes to mature, be successfully fertilized, and form a zygote and a blastocyst. However, the regulation of this gene’s expression shows a considerable species specificity. Similarly, mechanisms regulating the fertilization process have several features common to all mammalian species, which is especially conspicuous in the structure of genes that are responsible for fertilization. Two important determinants of fertilization ability are oocyte morphology and follicular size.
The aim of the study is to present current knowledge on the mechanisms regulating puberty in mares and the possibility of shortening the intergenerational period in horses through modern animal reproduction biotechnology. The study discusses fetal sex recognition in horses by means of ultrasound, pre- and postnatal development of mare gonads, oogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the process of selection and elimination of oocytes. It also describes the role of gonadotropins, ovarian hormonal activity and morphological changes occurring during sexual maturation. It has been shown that about 37% of mares attain sexual maturity in the first year of life. It has also been documented that one-year and two-year-old fillies produce normal embryos that can be used for transplantation and give offspring. It has also been proved that embryos can be produced in vitro from oocytes of juvenile mares. There is hope that acquiring preantral follicles from the ovary and their in vitro culture until the oocyte reaches full maturity for fertilization will permit us to obtain embryos and offspring from mares, including those sexually immature. These methods, combined with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer techniques, have already made it possible to obtain normal embryos and even live-born offspring in other mammals.
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