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This paper presents the basic features of annual course of air temperatures and the sum of precipitation (diversification of temperatures and precipitation in separate months and seasons). The paper also determines air temperature and precipitation fluctuations in 1861-2007 and the trends of changes. Finally, the relations between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the air temperatures and precipitation sums are established.
In the literature structural mismatches on the labor market are often characterized as insensitive to economic growth fluctuations. However, in this article the following hypothesis has been stated: that business cycle fluctuations affect the level of structural mismatches on the labor market in terms of qualifications; moreover, the higher the rate of economic growth, the lower is the level of structural mismatches. Verification of this hypothesis was based both on a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The quantitative one was done with the use of Granger causality tests conducted for a group of 29 developed countries for the period 2004q3 - 2012q2 with the use of two different indicators of structural mismatches. Both the quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm the stated hypothesis.
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Birch pollen grains are one of the most important groups of atmospheric biological particles that induce allergic processes. The fluctuation pattern of birch pollen seasons in selected cities of Poland is presented. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni 2000 pollen samplers). The distributions of the data were not normal (Shapiro–Wilk test) and statistical error risk was estimated at a significance level of α = 0.05. Pollen season was defined as the period in which 95% of the annual total catch occurred. The linear trend for the selected features of the pollen season, skewness, kurtosis and coefficient of variation (V%) were also analyzed. During the 12–14 years of study, the beginnings of birch pollen seasons were observed 7–14 days earlier, the ends were noted 5–10 days earlier, and the days with maximum values occurred 7–14 days earlier compared to the long-term data. The left-skewed distribution of the pollen season starts in most sampling sites confirms the short-lasting occurrence of pollen in the air. The threat of birch pollen allergens was high during the pollen seasons. If vegetation is highly diverse, flowering and pollen release are extended in time, spread over different weeks and occur at different times of the day. Flowering time and pollen release are affected by insolation, convection currents, wind, and turbulence. Therefore, pollen seasons are characterized by great inter-annual variability.
Ionic channels form pores in biomembranes. These pores are large macromolecular structures. Due to thermal fluctuations of countless degrees-of-freedom of the biomembrane material, the actual form of the pores is permanently subject to modification. Furthermore, the arrival of an ion at the binding site can change this form by repolarizing the surrounding aminoacids. In any case the variations of the pore structure are stochastic. In this paper, we discuss the effect of such modifications on the channel conductivity. Applying a simple kinetic description, we show that stochastic variations in channel properties can significantly alter the ionic current, even leading to its substantial increase or decrease for the specific matching of some time-scales of the system.
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