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Shikimate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1. 25 ShDH) alleles as potential markers for flowering phenology in Pinus sylvestris

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Prus-Glowacki W., Sukovata L., Lewandowska-Wosik A., Nowak-Bzowy R.
Dendrobiology
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2015
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tom 73
The aims of this study were 1) to determine the variability in the flowering phenology of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones in a seed orchard and 2) to compare the genetic structure and genetic markers (13 isozyme loci and 5 chloroplast and 3 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci) among groups of clones that are differentiated by flowering phenology. Using the timing of male inflorescence development, 57 plus trees represented by their clones in a seed orchard were classified into three phenological groups: early-, intermediate-, and late-flowering. The microsatellites showed no significant differences in the genetic structure of the analyzed phenological groups. However, the frequency of allele 2 at the shikimate dehydrogenase A locus (ShDH A 2) differed significantly between the groups of early- and late-flowering trees and between the groups of intermediate- and late-flowering trees. In addition, a significant difference in the frequencies of the genotype ShDH A 11 was observed between the intermediate- and late-flowering groups. Nei’s genetic distance indicated that the late-flowering group was the most genetically distant among the phenological groups. These results suggest that the ShDH A locus might be considered as isoenzymatic marker that differentiates these flowering groups of Scots pine clones. At several isozyme and DNA loci, the presence of private alleles in each group of pines was observed. However, these alleles cannot serve as markers of Scots pine flowering time because of their low frequencies.
2
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The phenology of flowering and fluctuations of airborne pollen concentrations of selected trees in Poznan, 2003-2004

80%
Stach A., Kluza-Wieloch M., Zientarska A.
Acta Agrobotanica
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2006
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tom 59
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nr 1
The aim of the study was to describe the relationships between the flowering phase of selected tree species, whose pollen is known to be allergenic, and fluctuations in the pollen in the air, and to use results obtained for making allergological forecasts. Studies were conducted of five tree taxa: Populus, Ulmus, Salix, Aesculus, and Tilia, in the years 2003-2004. Aeropalinological analyses concerned the above mentioned genera, while in phenological studies specific species were investigated, i.e. the most common representatives of a given genus found in Poland, that is Populus wilsonii, Ulmus laevis Pall. C. K.Schneid., Salix caprea L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Aerobiological monitoring was performed using a the volumetric method and phenological observations of flowering phases were made according to the Lukasiewicz method. While observing the emergence of individual phenological symptoms and measurements of the concentration of pollen of the investigated taxa in the air of Poznań, a distinct acceleration was observed in 2004, a year that was characterized by a milder winter. This applied not only to the species blooming in early spring, but also to the later ones. Pollen grains of the investigated taxa, except for Aesculus, appeared earlier in aeropalinological observations than the macroscopically observed beginning of flowering in selected trees. Apart from a poplar, the end of flowering in the other trees occurred each year earlier than would follow from the aerobiological observations. This may be explained by the abundance of species within a taxon, and the effect of medium - and long-distance transport.
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Changes of flowering phenology of six herbal species in a beech forest [Central Slovakia]: a decade analysis

80%
Schieber B.
Polish Journal of Ecology
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2007
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tom 55
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nr 2
The variability in flowering phenology of six forest herbaceous species: Pulmonaria officinalis L. (early spring species), Dentaria bulbifera L. (mid spring), Galium odoratum Scop. (late spring), Veronica officinalis L. (early summer), Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. (mid summer) and Campanula trachelium L. (mid/late summer) was analysed over the period of the past ten years (1995–2004). Observations were done in a beech forest at the Ecological Experimental Stationary in Kremnické vrchy Mts (Central Slovakia, 48°38´N, 19°04´E, 450–520 m a.s.l.). Two phenological events – the first flowering and full flowering as well as the duration of interphase interval were analysed. The timing of observed phenological events was related to selected climatic factors (temperature and precipitation). The highest variation in the first flowering date was observed in early spring species- standard deviation (SD) was equal to 7.2 days. As for full flowering date, the highest value of standard deviation was detected in late summer species (SD = 8.5 days). In respect to the duration of interphase interval (in days), the highest relative variability (cv > 53%) was ascertained in early spring species. The significant correlations (P <0.001) were detected between dating of full flowering and cumulative temperatures in all phenological types (excepting early spring); the coefficients of correlation (r) moved from – 0.85 (early summer and mid summer species) to – 0.91 (mid spring species). Significant correlations were revealed between precipitation and timing of flowering only for mid summer (r= +0.70) and late summer species (r= +0.75), respectively. Despite of the fact, that no significant trends were detected in timing of flowering in the species, the effect of the global warming is evident. The values of the possitive deviations of the mean air temperatures averaged for the period of the last decade were increased in comparison to the long-term mean. Onset of flowering has been shifted earlier a few days in majority of the species during the past decade. Decade tendency showed a slight increasing of values of cumulative temperatures during the periods crucial for the development of the phenophases.
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