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Data concerning the effect of spring frosts on the survival of fl ower buds of several apple and pear cultivars, as well as on the damage caused by spring frosts to apple fruit are presented in the present paper. Observations were conducted in experimental and commercial orchards in the Lublin area in the years 2000, 2005 and 2007. The lowest temperature in spring in the consecutive years occurred on the following dates: 2000 – 3rd and 4th May, 2005 – 1st April and 22nd May, and 2007 – 2nd and 4th May. The most serious damages of buds were found in apple trees of Red Boskoop, Rubin and Jonagold cvs. grown in the experimental orchard in Felin (Lublin) (this was an average value for the years 2000 and 2007), whereas the buds of the late fl owering cultivars of Golden Delicious Smoothee, Royal Gala and Ligol survived with signifi cantly lesser damages. These observations generally confi rmed those made in commercial orchards in 2005 and 2007, in which buds of cv. Elise also showed high resistance to spring frosts. Pear trees of cv. Concorde showed low damage to fl ower buds in 2007 and produced a reasonably good crop. Fruits of cv. Jonagold and its mutations Wilmuta, Jonica, Decosta and Rubinstar proved to be very sensitive to spring frosts, as well as fruits of cv. Lired. The positive infl uence of the Polish rootstock P60 on fl ower bud survival was observed in the year 2000. However, this was not confi rmed in 2007, thus further observations are necessary to check these effects.
Flower buds, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Pharbitis nil were used as plant material. Flower buds (1-2 mm long) were excised from 3-week-old plants, grown in soil. Cotyledons of 7-day-old sterile seedlings were cut into 25 mm2 squares cotyledons whereas hypocotyls were cut to 1 mm long fragments. Explants were transferred into Petri dishes containing the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), supplemented with either BA (11 μM·U⁻¹) alone or BA (22 μM·U⁻¹) and NAA (0.55 μM·U⁻¹), and different sugars: sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannose or sorbitol (autoclaved or filter-sterilized). Addition of glucose instead of sucrose to the medium stimulated the induclion of callus on flower buds and cotyledoniry explants, but inhibited its growth on fragments of hypocotyls. The medium supplemented with fructose (especially filter-sterilized) stimulated the development of flower elements. Organogenesis of shoots and roots on explants was also observed. Flower buds and hypocotyls were able to regenerate both organs. Addition of fructose or glucose to the medium stimul ated the organogenesis of shoots, whereas root organogenesis was inhibited on all explants used. Sorbitol strongly inhibited both induction of callus and organogenesis on all explants used.
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Phenolics in the Tussilago farfara leaves

63%
Coltsfoot leaves (Farfarae folium) are used in the European medicine in respiratory tract diseases, for cough, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders, while in the traditional Chinese medicine only flower buds (Farfarae flos) have been recognized as a medicine. A short literature review shows that most data concern the chemical composition of the coltsfoot flowers. During the carried out studies we have isolated and identified (UV, 1H and 13C NMR, analysis of acid and enzymatic hydrolyze products) six known flavonols from the coltsfoot leaves: kaempferol and its 3-O-β-glucopyranoside and 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)- β-glucopyranoside, along with quercetin derivatives: 3-O-β-arabinopyranoside, 3-O-β- glucopyranoside and 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-glucopyranoside. Moreover, we have detected the presence of three phenolic acids.
Studies on the development of common lilac cv. Mme Florent Stepman inflorescence buds and flowers were carried out in 2001-2002 in order to observe the development of flower organs before and after winter dormancy during the following phenological phases: inflorescence bud swelling, inflorescence elongation, flower bud whitening, flower bud swelling and flowering anthesis. The hypogynous, actinomorphic and perfect flower conforms to the general pattern of the Oleaceae. The calyx is four-lobed, and the four-lobed corolla is gamopetalous with a cylindrical basal tube. Two stamens are basally fused with the corolla. The anthers are tetrasporangiate, with a uniseriate epidermis, bilayered endothecium, single middle layer, and secretory, binucleate tapetum. Microspore tetrads are isobilateral and the pollen grains are spherical, three-colpate and two-celled. The ovary is superior and bilocular. Four anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar ovules are formed. The female gametophyte development is Polygonum-type. Flower primordia differentiation starts in midsummer and lasts until autumn. Before entering dormancy, microspore meiosis was discernible in flowers in the lower part of the inflorescence. The ovular primordia differentiate after winter dormancy. During inflorescence bud breaking after winter dormancy, pollen mother cells in anthers and ovule primordia were observed. During inflorescence elongation, pollen mother cell meiosis and microspore tetrads occured in anthers, and the archesporial cell of the megaspores was present in ovules. During flower bud whitening and flower bud breaking, young microspores were observed in anthers, and developing megaspores were visible in ovules. In the last phenological phase, anthers dehisced and the female gametophyte was organized.
The present study is concerned with auxin action in intact and excised 4th inter­node of tulip shoot after removal of the flower bud in relation to the growth stages. Elongation of the intact 4th internode with or without leaves, after removal of the flower bud, at different stages was very weak. This suggests that the flower bud is always responsible for elongation growth of the 4th internode. Auxin (IAA at 0.1%, w/w in lanolin) exogenously applied to the cut surface of tulip shoot with or without leaves, greatly stimulated the growth of the 4th and lower internodes of tulip shoot. The elongation growth of excised 4th internode of tulip shoot with or without node, after removal of the flower bud was much higher, in comparison with that of intact 4th internode in tulip shoot which was growing and in which the flower bud had been cut. Elongation depended on the initial length of the 4th internode. IAA at 0.1% applied to the cut surface of excised 4th internode, just after removal of flower bud, slightly in­creased the growth of the 4th internode. The promotion was observed only during the first or second day of the experiment. Finally, auxin did not stimulate, or had no effect on elongation of excised 4th internode with or without node. On the other hand, elon­gation growth of the excised 4 th internode with a flower bud was almost independent of the initial length of the 4th internode. Differences in the growth of excised and intact 4th internode of tulip shoot after removal of the flower bud are discussed in relation to auxin action.
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