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Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

100%

Senter P.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

2006

tom 51

nr 2

Basal birds such as Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis are typically portrayed as flapping fliers. However, here I show that shoulder joint orientation in these animals prevented elevation of the humerus above the dorsum, thereby preventing use of the recovery stroke, an important part of flapping flight. In members of the clade Ornithothoraces, which includes extant birds and the extinct avian clade Enantiornithes, the shoulder joint is reoriented to permit elevation of the humerus above the dorsum, permitting flapping flight. Although basal birds may have glided, flapping flight began significantly later in avian evolution than has been thought.

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1 Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

1 Senter P.

1 2006

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Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight