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Organic materials are alternatives to chemicals for safe and healthy fish production. This study aimed at comparing the buffer efficiency of pawpaw leaves and stem with calcium carbonate on acidic borehole water at different dosages for aquaculture. Forty-eight, 25-litres shaded plastic tanks of three replicates per treatment were used. The tanks were 20 litres filled with experimental water (pH 4.7). There were sixteen treatment (T) levels (T0 to T16). T1 to T15 were classified into three groups of three dosage levels (G) (2.4g [G1], 6g [G2] and 12g [G3]) per pawpaw leaves and stem [dried leaves (DL), fresh leaves (FL), dried stem (DS) and fresh stem (FS)] and calcium carbonate (CA). pH and temperature were monitored once daily while dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and calcium were measured weekly for thirty-one (31) days using standard method. Data were analyzed for analysis of variance, Duncan Multiple Range and descriptive statistics. At the end of the study period, the minimum (4.7) and maximum (7.30) pH were recorded in T0 and T11 respectively. Water pH progressively increased from Day 1 to Day 31 in all the treatment levels. The order of buffer efficiency of pawpaw leaves and stem at the end of the experiment in all the treatment groups was FS
Carp were cultivated in polyculture with grass carp, silver carp and European catfish. The chemical parameters (pH, oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, phosphates, total suspensions, chemical oxygen demand CODMn) of discharged water and four pond layers were measured during the autumn harvest. The study indicated that when the water was discharged the amounts of nitrogen compounds, phosphates and especially total suspension increased from 40 mg dm⁻³ in the first layer to 152 mg dm⁻³ in the last layer and that chemical oxygen demand CODMn increased from 10 mg dm⁻³ in the first layer to 176 mg dm⁻³ in the last layer. The results of both physical and chemical tests on the water discharged from ponds during two periods of the autumn harvest were used to calculate the magnitudes of the loads of organic matter, total suspension and nutrients. The loads of organic matter (expressed as CODMn in an acidic medium), nitrogen, phosphorus and suspensions in the discharged water were determined per ha of area. The highest values were observed in T-type ponds (1,500 specimens ha⁻¹) at an average of 1,214 kg ha⁻¹ and in G3-type ponds (4,000 specimens ha⁻¹ ) with an average of 1,198 kg ha⁻¹ . This data allowed the chemical parameters (kg ha⁻¹) of waters discharged from the ponds in autumn to be compared with the level of CODMn and the amount of nutrients which are introduced to the ponds in spring, as well as to determine the degree of nutrient and organic matter retention in the pond. In the majority of cases nitrogen is fully retained, phosphates are either fully or partially retained and there is an increase in water chemical oxygen demand CODMn especially during the harvest in September.
Background. Rearing larval fish under laboratory conditions requires the use of appropriate artificial diets that fully replace natural food. Up till now, no starter has been developed for cyprinid rheophilic fish larvae, and these fish are therefore fed diets developed for other fish species. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of diets of different protein-, lipid-, and fatty acid compositions on growth, survival, and changes in the digestive system during larval development of sneep (nase), Chondrostoma nasus (L.), from hatching until the juvenile stage. Materials and Methods. From day 4 until day 21 post-hatch, sneep larvae were fed, Artemia nauplii and three starters: Nutra AB 3.0 (NU), Perla plus (PP), and Perla larva proactive (PL). Each experimental treatment was run in triplicate. On day 21 of the experiment, samples of fish were taken for size measurement, histological and morphometrical examination, and fatty acid analyses. Results. The fish fed Artemia exhibited the highest growth rate and survival. Among the groups fed artificial diets, the highest survival and growth were observed in NU group, while PL group showed the worst results (P < 0.05). Comparison of the fatty acid composition in the diets and fish bodies revealed that the levels of n-3 PUFA were considerably higher in the bodies of fish fed starters than in the diets themselves, while concentrations of n-6 PUFA in the PP and PL groups were lower in fish than in diets. The NU diet showed the highest n-3 : n-6 ratio (5.54), while PP had the lowest. The highest MUFA : PUFA ratio occurred in Artemia nauplii and the lowest in the PP diet. Histological observations revealed the presence of supranuclear lipid vacuoles in the enterocytes of the middle intestine section of Artemia-fed larvae. No such vacuoles were found in fish fed artificial diets. Morphological changes in the livers of fish fed various diets involved hepatocyte size and cytoplasm area containing glycogen and lipids. Conclusion. Among the artificial diets, Nutra was the most appropriate for rearing sneep larvae. The results revealed that sneep larvae are capable of elongating and desaturating linolenic- and linoleic acids into longer-chain fatty acids.
Background. In Indian carp culture, a 1 : 1 mixture of rice bran and oil cake is traditionally used as feed in powder form; it is nutritionally inadequate and also a large part of it goes unutilized as the fish cannot feed on the powder effectively. With a view to improve its nutritional quality and reduce the wastage, the mixture was supplemented with soya and maize flours and converted into pellet form. The performance of the supplemented diets was evaluated by feeding them to catla, Catla catla, one of the popular Indian major carps. Materials and methods. Two test diets were formulated supplementing the feed mixture with soya flour (10% and 20%) and maize flour (39%), replacing equal quantities of rice bran and oilcake. These diets along with the control diet were fed to triplicate groups of catla fry maintained in outdoor cement tanks for 120 days. Results. The test diets enhanced growth and net fish production significantly (P < 0.05). This resulted in higher economic returns under the two test treatments. Survival of fish ranged from 74% to 76%. Carcass of fish receiving the test diets had significantly (P < 0.05) higher lipid and lower moisture levels. Digestive enzyme activity was affected positively (P < 0.05) by the test diets. Conclusion. Replacing rice bran and oilcake from the traditional feed mixture with soya and maize flours proved economically viable.
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