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The investigations were carried out in the lacustrine-fluvial system of the Lizhma river (the Ladoga lake basin) in its natural condition (until 1993) and during the exploitation of its trout complex. The authors show the water bodies to increase their content of biogenic elements at the expense of the organic form. They mark some changes in the structure of algoflora. The abundance of alkophylic species of periphytone was found to increase, likewise the concentration of chlorphyll and the numbers of blue-green algae. The zooplankton community undergoes some restructurization in lakes; the role of predators in total biomass is growing. The biomass and numbers of zoobenthos have considerably enlarged. The structure and distribution pattern of invertebrates in the benthic community have changed in the pool part within the region of water discharge from the fishery farm. The ichthyofauna of the water bodies so far proves to remain stable.
This paper characterizes the fish community and its interaction with different ecotones within the reservoir. The transformation of a river basin into a cascade of reservoirs produces new ecotones which interact differentially with the spatial\temporal distribution of fish species, their diversity, trophic structures, etc. So the variations of the fish fauna are described to understand better the practices of conservation and management of these reservoirs. The concepts of α and β diversities are related to the concepts of scale, complexity and heterogeneity. Scale comprises the longitudinal, horizontal and vertical variation which are represented by the complexity and heterogeneity of the fish community in the reservoir. Complexity exhibits the variations in ecological data interpretation according to environmental variability or type of data. Heterogeneity describes the variations in species assemblages related to different ecotones. The sampled ecotones were: forest, agricultural land, beaches and mouths of tributaries, each with three replications. Cluster analysis of the environmental factors revealed two distinct ecotonal groups: i) forest, agricultural land and beach; and ii) the tributary mouths. The ANOVAS indicated two possible patterns of α diversity: 1- heterogeneity within the fish community represented by number of species, and differences between the ecotones; 2- homogeneity within the fish community described by the biomass of different species. The β diversities were congruent with environmental factors giving evidence of the horizontal scale within the reservoir. The forest ecotones revealed higher heterogeneity in the coexistence of fish species than did the with other ecotones. This fact is explained by the littoral areas close to the forest fragments with more refuge, increasing the environmental structural diversity. So it reinforces the importance of the forest as refuge enhancing fish dispersal. The fish assemblages related to agricultural land and beaches were more similar. Agricultural land and pasture ware the dominant ecotone on the reservoir margins.
The data obtained within the framework of a survey of macrozoobenthos and fish communities in Czech streams of the Danube and Elbe river basins were evaluated with respect to the relation between biodiversity and level of water (organic pollution) and/or physical habitat quality (heterogeneity, substrate, riparian vegetation, canalisation). The diversity of macrozoobenthos species was the highest at the water quality corresponding to betamesosaprobity (saprobiological index SI ≈ 2,0) and oligosaprobity (SI ≈ 1,0) in lowland and highland streams respectively, declining both towards lower and higher saprobic (≈ trophic) levels. The response of macrozoobenthos to habitat quality deterioration was less considerable with rising degradation in highland streams than in lowland ones. Fish assemblage followed a similar trend, namely: the highest biodiversity in betamezosaprobity in both lowland and highland streams. In comparison with the assemblage of benthic macroinvertebrates, fish community response was more pronounced both regarding water quality and habitat degradation. Both fish and macrozoobenthos biodiversity were influenced more by water quality than by physical habitat degradation.
Hydroacoustical methods due to their very high resolution in time and space can be used to register subtle changes in fish distribution and behaviour, thus enabling observation of the effect of habitat modification upon the fish. A number of examples have been presented which show dependence between fish parameters measured acoustically (such as depth, density, degree of aggregation, length frequency distribution), and different environmental parameters characterising the habitat quality (trophic levels, presence of chemicals, littoral coverage, predation pressure, temperature and oxygen gradients). This suggest that by performing hydroacoustical monitoring one can measure fish reactions to the habitat changes on a scale and with an accuracy not available with other methods.
The occurence of 0+ juvenile fish was observed using a point abundance sampling strategy in non-flooded borrow pits, flooded borrow pits, oxbows and backwaters in the flood plain of the River Dyje in August 1998 and 1999. The season of 1998 was characterized by a shorttime managed flooding compared to a long-time managed flooding in 1999. Totally we registered the occurrence of 19 species of 0+ juvenile fish. The most abundant species were Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Perca fluviatilis, Rhodeus sericeus, Rutilus rutilus, Blicca bjoerkna and Alburnus alburnus. In the two years the composition and abundance of 0+ fish communities differed, especially in flooded borrow pits. A significantly higher species richness was found in both years in backwaters and flooded borrow pits compared to species richness in borrow pits and oxbows. The highest Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 0+ fish was in the flooded borrow pits while the lowest CPUE was in non-flooded borrow pits. The duration of borrow pit flooding affected 0+ recruitment. In 1998, after short-time flooding, survival of 0+ fish was affected by predation of P. fluviatilis and high infection of metacercariae of Postodiplostomum cuticola.
This paper describes a deterministic age-structured dynamic pool model for floodplain-river fisheries. The model is applied to a heavily exploited floodplain fishery in north west Bangladesh to quantify the effects of hydrological modification and exploitation on production (catch per unit area) inside a typical flood control scheme, and to explore mitigating management interventions. Existing modifications to the hydrological regime were predicted to diminish production only marginally (10%), and similar differences in production may result from differences in the seasonal pattern of exploitation. Closing the fishery for a month was predicted to increase production by at least 30%, with greatest increases (up to 115%) predicted for closures during those months when fishing mortality is at its highest. The practicability of fishing strategies that maximise production are discussed. The model also predicts that diminished production caused by modifying flood season water heights inside flood control schemes may be compensated by increasing dry season water levels. Manipulating water levels in this way by means of sluice gates must, however, take account of the often conflicting needs of other sectors such as agriculture, and the importance of dynamic edge effects for maintaining the natural fertility of the floodplain. Sensitivity analysis indicates that more reliable model predictions may be achieved with more precise estimates of the parameters which affect recruitment.
The Restoration Ecohydrology Concept integrates two approaches to restoration and mitigation of physically modified freshwater habitats. Firstly actions at the catchment level connected with integrated management of abiotic factors including, landscape planning, catchment management, forestation, phytotechnologies and hydrology by impoundment. Secondly actions at the level of the aquatic ecosystem itself, particularly those linked to fisheries management. The highest biodiversity and productivity of fish assemblages appears at an intermediate level of human disturbances, which, in the case of the biogeochemical cycle, has usually been connected with limited degradation of catchment cover. The increase of fish biomass and diversity under these conditions apparently results firstly from nutrient enrichment and improved energy influxes to the stream arising from the more rapid cycling of nutrients of terrestrial origin cycling, and secondly from the intermediate complexity of the riparian ecotones. The maximum of biomass might appear under different conditions than those that favour maximum biodiversity due to this ecosystem enrichment and amplified access to energy. The data presented at the symposium lead to following conclusions: 1. Restoration of river systems to pristine conditions is not realistic but is also not necessary. 2. The target of restoration of physically degraded habitats should lie somewhere in the range between maximum biodiversity and maximum productivity of fish communities.
Distribution of fish communities along the submountain river (upper Coruh River, Northeastern of Turkey) was assessed to evaluate course of the longitudinal pattern in fish species diversity. The watershed area of Coruh Basin is 21.000 km², river length 376 km and it flows into Black Sea in northeastern Turkey at average discharge of 149 m³ s⁻¹ (range: 45.2–1215 m³ s⁻¹). Fixed-site electrofishing sampling at five sites located 15–210 km from river source at 2100–950 m a.s.l (Q values ranged 5–200 m³ s⁻¹) was conducted from March 2001 to March 2002. A total of 12 species were collected. Number of species (8–10) did not differ among sites suggesting no longitudinal changes, but Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H`) increased downstream from 1.23 to 1.82. Two distinct fish assemblages were identified. Most abundant species were Leuciscus cephalus and Alburnoides bipunctatus. Both Oncorhynchus mykiss and Cyprinus carpio collected rarely are exotic fishes for Coruh River.
The dramatic depletion of diversity and standing crop of freshwater fish has been due mostly to degradation of their habitats and water quality. To halt and reverse this negative trend, a new approach is needed urgently toward sustainability of fish resources. The UNESCO MAB programme on the role of land-water ecotones has opened a new perspective towards solving problems in landscape management and conservation. Land-water ecotones, if restored and managed in a sustainable way, can buffer and filter impacts on aquatic ecosystems due to catchment development, by moderating hydrological processes, improving water quality, and increasing spatial complexity of habitats. This way, fish resources can be safeguarded, restored and sustained. The programme of the 'Fish and Land-Inland Water Ecotones' (FLIWE) team has shown strong links between fish life histories and structures and processes in land-water ecotones. To be able to sustain freshwater fish populations a good understanding is needed of the biological linkages and pathways through land-water ecotones; of biogeochemistry; of modern techniques for habitat inventories; and of methods of habitat evaluation, planning and assessment of socio-economic feedback.
The paper questions the usefulness of the static concept of the habitat as a templet in analyses of the influence of the riparian environment on the dynamics of riverine fish assemblages. Studies on the effect of deforestation on the water quality and invertebrate assemblages in upland streams in mid-Wales found that changes in the nature of the riparian habitat caused by logging had relatively few unambiguous effects. A 22 years study of the population dynamics of a short-lived species, Gasterosteus aculeatus, inhabitating a backwater of a small river in west Wales, found that population characteristics were relatively stable although the study included periods of record drought and irregular episodes of flooding. The literature relating riparian characteristics to fish assemblages also illustrates the weakness of the the static "habitat as templet" model. A more dynamic concept is required. Life histories can be viewed as sampling devices through which the habitats available can be explored and utilised by fish. Models should direct attention to the extent to which the biological characteristics of species based on the phenotypes of individuals in the species populations define the interactions between the riparian environment and the riverine invertebrate and fish assemblages. The emphasis needs to shift to quantitative effects of riparian influences on the movement, growth, mortality and reproduction of individuals in riverine populations.
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