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Three SCAR and two SSR molecular markers located on Lg 3 and Lg7 were used for early selection of apple genotypes. The purpose of the selection was to find a potential donor for resistance to fire blight (FB) in an apple breeding programme. This study was carried out on 35 breeding clones, and registered cultivars originating from seven countries. They were all characterized as having different levels of sus­ceptibility to FB in field conditions. The number of generated markers varied from 1-2 to 4-5, depending on the genotype. For the majority of the tested genotypes, strong interactions were observed between data concerning plant behaviour in the field and the presence/number of DNA markers. For nine genotypes, however, correla­tions between phenotypic and molecular study were not found with selected QTLs.
W warunkach szklarniowych określono podatność ośmiu gatunków i odmian jarzębów na zarazę ogniową. Do zakażeń użyto własnego izolatu bakterii wyosobnionego z jarzębu mącznego. Spośród badanych gatunków tylko jeden - Sorbus intermedia – nie uległ porażeniu, dwa uznano za mało podatne, a pozostałe za podatne. Na uwagę zasługuje różna podatność odmian w obrębie gatunku, co widoczne było na przykładzie jarzębu pospolitego i jego dwóch odmian. Na liściach magnolii obserwowano brązowo-czarną plamistość, która dominowała zarówno na roślinach w szkółkach, jak i w obrocie handlowym. Izolowaną z liści bakterię oznaczono na podstawie cech fenotypowych i testu patogeniczności. Sprawcą plamistości liści magnolii oraz towarzyszącej jej przedwczesnej defoliacji liści jest bakteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.
Standard program of plant protection against fire blight consists of use of :management practices and chemical control method. Recently a new, non-conventional possibilities based on application of biocontrol agents (two biopreparations have been already introduced into practice: Bliteban A506 Pseudomonas fluorescens) and BIossomBless (Pantoea agglomerans), plant active against Erwinia amylovora (AkseBio containing extracts from spicata and Biomit Plussz with extracts from various plant species and ents) and resistance inducers (Regalis, Bion and plant extracts) are of great interest. Also plant transformation with resistance genes such as: hrpN (harpin), dpo (EPS depolymerase) and lytic protein genes (attacin E, cecropin 'SB-37, T4 lysozyme) is a promising perspective.
The paper presents fire blight prediction model s and systems, developed in Europe (system BilIing - versions: BOS, BRS, BIS95 and originated from this system: Firescreen, FEUERBRA and ANLAFBRA) and in United States (Californian, system, model Maryblyt and system Cougarblight). Use of above models and systems in various climatic-geographic conditions and comparison of obtained prognostic data to real fire blight occurrence is reviewed. The newest trends in search on improvement of prognostic analyses parameters with their adjustment particular conditions and consideration of infection source occurrence are also sented.
The efficacy against fire blight of 3 antagonistic bacterial isolates (48M, 59M, 141M), strain C9-1 ̶ the active component of BlightBan (USA), the yeast based preparation Blossom Protect and copper preparations (Flow Brix 380 SC, Cuproflow 375 SC, Miedzian 50 WP) was evaluated on apple blossoms on Idared trees and Jonagold cut off branches. The highest efficacy was demonstrated after protective use of all bacterial isolates (82.7–92.0%) and Blossom Protect (83.5%). Miedzian 50 WP at the dose of 1.5 kg/ha appeared to be low effective. Two treatments with Blossom Protect applied during the blooming of apple trees cultivars Golden Delicious and Jonagold did not cause phytotoxicity on apples assessed after harvest. Because most fungicides used for protection of apple against fungal diseases are toxic to yeast in Blossom Protect, it seems that this preparation could be applicable against fire blight only in organic growing of apple.
The health status of hawthorns growing in different greenery areas of Poznań was evaluated in 2008–2009. In 2008 rust symptoms caused by Gymnosporangium confusum were observed on both Crataegus monogyna and C. oxyacantha, but in the next year the rust did not occur. In 2009 the powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia corylea on the lower side of leaves of C. monogyna as well as Entomosporium leaf spot on C. oxyacantha were found. The leaf spot was caused by the fungus Entomosporium maculatum (syn. E. mespili) which has the perfect stage Fabraea maculata (syn. Diplocarpon maculatum). The first symptoms of this disease were small (1–2 mm diameter), brownish spots on the upper side of leaves in the early summer. Rainy weather in May, June and July of 2009 stimulated the development and spread of Entomosporium leaf spot. The defoliation was due to this disease. Conidia of E. maculatum are very characteristic, resembling minute insects.
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