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The time, within which accordingly to its application machine works, and an object of work and working groups are under load,is the effective active time. The purpose of the research was the classical and order statistics of effective active time of felling at use chainsaw. The average effective active time of felling of one tree was about 2 s. The cut trees were strong statistical diversified from the point of view of effective active time of felling. The positive skewness coefficient has confirmed, that statistical units with value of feature below arithmetic mean were prevailed – right-sided asymmetry.
The aim of the work was to determine which part of biomass remains in the forest in the form of so-called logging residue. In order to achieve the result, the analysis of wood volume harvested in the final felling was carried out, and the total volume was broken down into different parts of trees. Furthermore, to estimate the wood volume of the forest stand, on each of the experimental plots 10 model trees were chosen based on Draudt method. Assuming that the thickness of wood acquired from forest is bigger than 4 cm, it is possible to assume that the part of biomass which remains in the forest in the form of the branches and conifer needles ranges from 10% to 12% of general amount of biomass.
Effect of sawmen’ professional experience on working time structure in pine-timber harvesting under conditions of the clear felling. Times of particular operations in timber harvesting with the use of an internal combustion chain saw were analyzed depending on professional experience of the fellers. Investigations were carried out on the two groups of sawmen: of many years’ experience and the beginners in the feller profession. The both groups were compared in consideration of the felling and debranching times. Basing on carried out investigations and their analysis it was found that the percent time structure of operations executed by both the experienced sawmen and the beginners was similar. The longest time was taken by debranching, the shortest time was spent on preparatory and additional operations. However, the experienced sawmen usually execute all the operations in timber harvesting quicker, with the exception of debranching of trees with less branches; here the beginners were more effective.
The level of damages in regeneration caused by manual and mechanical technologies under short wood (assortment) and long wood systems of timber harvesting is presented in this paper. Studies were carried out under different physiographic conditions of southern Poland, i.e. mountain regions (Jeleśnia Forest District, Forest Experimental Station in Krynica), submountain regions (Gromnik Forest District), and lowland regions (Krzeszowice Forest District), in coniferous as well as broadleaf stands where final cuttings and selection thinnings were conducted. The lowest damage level was found in mountain stands, and during early thinnings, while the highest level in lowland stands, and during final cuttings. In the case of technologies used under short wood system the level of damages was by 30% higher than in the case of long wood system.
The purpose of the paper is to report on the structure and the potential production of tree stands in the belt of dense forest in the locality of Pilsko, which were formed as a result of connecting natural processes with various methods of cuttings. In two stands single cutting harvesting was applied, corresponding to single tree selection cutting (Einzelplenterung in German). In the third stand there was cutting in the form of small gaps which corresponds to mountain selection cutting (Gebirgsplenterung in German). In the control period (1998-2008) the stand volume on two plots, Pilsko 1 and Pilsko 3 increased from 448 to 479 m3/ha and from 237 to 298 m3/ha respectively, however, in Pilsko 2 the stand volume decreased slightly from 401 to 397 m3/ha. The increase in the volume of the stand reached from almost 5 m3/ha in Pilsko 2 to approximately 8 m3/ha per year in the other plots. The stability of the stand is ensured mainly by the presence of trees in the thinnest classes in the lower and medium layer of the stand as well as the continuous process of regeneration. In this context the stand in which cuttings were taken in the past, characteristic of mountain selection, exhibited more beneficial features. All the researched stands exhibited great differences in the age of trees which enabled them to be classified as uneven-aged stands. The age at the breast height diameter of the oldest drilled spruce was 344 years and frequently the encountered specimens of this variety are of the age of 223 and 276 years. The uneven-aged structure of the stands, however, does not simultaneously ensure a complex and stable structure. In order to form, or to maintain, stable upper mountain spruces, which are under partial active protection (outside reservations with total protection) mountain selection cutting, or cutting by a method of group selection, should be recommended. These methods of cuttings ensure the variations within the structure of the stands, which minimises the risk of large-area disintegration.
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