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Description is given of the Upper Cambrian trilobite ichnocoenosls, i.e. a trace assemblage of the various life activities of trilobites, from the shallow-water marine deposits at Wielka Wiśniówka in the Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie). These traces occur either on the upper sides of layers (true traces) or on the lower sides of layers covering grooves made by trilobites on the sea bottom (sole markings = hieroglyphs). Hieroglyphs are the more common forms. Out of them, Rusophycus sp., Cruziana sp., Diplichnites sp. and Dimorphichnus sp. have been described in greater detail. Bergaueria perata Prantl and Diplocraterion sp. hieroglyphs are also encountered in the trilobite ichnocoenosis here reported.
In order to estimate the impact of flow manipulations on abiotic and biotic variables two sites of the fourth-order section of a lowland river (Drzewiczka River, in central Poland) with five dominant habitats each were selected downstream of a dam reservoir: the former just downstream of a canoeing track (CT), marked as disturbed (D), and the latter, control one (C), 10 km farther downstream. At the disturbed site water from the reservoir was released in afternoons to operate the CT (3–5 times higher volume than the natural median, i.e. from 4.3 (most frequently) to over 12.0 m⁻³ s⁻¹ (exceptionally), which lasted for 2–3 hours per day while no flow fluctuations were observed in the control. The habitats were sampled over an annual cycle. Variables that have a great impact on macrozobenthos, like current velocity, water depth, substrate composition, presence of macrophytes and standing stock of food resources (BPOM – benthic particulate organic matter, TPOM – transported particulate organic matter, periphyton) were measured. As showed by our results (MANOVA) permanent moderate disturbance caused macrobenthos to be 2–4 times more abundant and diverse at the disturbed site (D), than at nearby natural river site (C), especially at the high-flow area. A lower abundance was recorded at the stagnant and pool habitats of both sites. Chironomidae dominated at all habitats, and Oligochaeta (gathering collectors) at the stagnant and macrophyte habitats; Trichoptera (mainly filtering collectors), Ephemeroptera and Simuliidae (filtering collectors) were the next most abundant among insects, depending on the habitat type. Although Chironomidae dominated at both river sites, they were represented by taxa belonging to various functional feeding groups; at site D chironomids – mainly periphyton scrapers (Orthocladiinae), while at site C – deposit feeders (Chironomini), connected with either silt sediment or sand.
The paper summarizes results of investigations done in 1999-2000 by 'several authors in Wielkopolska region, (western Poland) near Turew in young midfield shelterbelts and adjacent cereal felds. It was found that the soil organic matter content, as well as microbial and faunal biomass decrease gradually from the shelterbelt toward the field centre. The annual increase of carbon was assessed and possible sources of it (wind erosion, leaf fall, input of invertebrate faeces) considered. The results suggest, that excreta contribute significantly to total carbon input. The shelterbelts influence the biomass, density and composition of many soil and above-ground invertebrate taxa and individual size of animals occurring in bordering fields.
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