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The experiments were carried out on 8 mature ewes fed ad libitum or being on starvation diet. Sulfamerazine was administered at a dose of 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight intravenously. During starvation the biological half-life of sulfamerazine in the blood plasma was prolonged (not significantly). The results of sulphonamide determinations in the rumen contents of sheep showed that a significant amount of the drug administered intravenously penetrated to the forestomachs and its amount was much higher in the rumen contents of starved sheep than in those fed ad libitum; beginning from the 10th hour after sulfamerazine administration its level was much higher in the rumen contents than in the blood plasma. On the basis of the results one can claim that sulfamerazine concentration in the forestomachs is depending not so much on its increased inflow into the forestomachs as on a decreased outflow related with the pH value of the forestomach contents. Due tо a high level of sulphamides in the forestomachs of starved ruminants the rate of their elimination from the body can be diminished.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (as a model drug) in calves. The experiment was carried out on 15 healthy BW (Black-and-White) breed calves. Paracetamol (5 mg/kg bw.) was administered per os on day ten, fourteen and twenty of the calves' lives. The concentration of a model drug in plasma was determined by the spectrophotometer method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated through a non-compartmental method, using the TopFit computer program. The obtained results indicate that the age of calves significantly influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol. A significant increase in the maximum concentration of the drug was noted, as well as in the volume of distribution and metabolic clearance. A significant decrease in mean residence time, biological half-life and area under curve was also observed. The results obtained in the study suggest that the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of paracetamol increases with the age of calves. It was therefore concluded that age should obviously be taken into account when studying drug metabolism in calves
The aim of this study was to determine the „day-night” changes of the antipyrine biotransformation rate in calves. The experiment was carried out on 10 bulls-calves of the black and white breed. During the experiment the animals were kept in uniform environmental condidions and constant light/dark cycle - L/D = 12:12. The antipyrine test was performed on days 10, 20 and 40 after birth. Antipyrine was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 mg in a 10% sterile solution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine were calculated from the elimination curve in two time-intervals (9.00-17.00 - „day”; 21.00-5.00 - „night”), by means of the TopFit 2.0 test. Mean values of half-life and metabolic clearance of antipyrine for all examined calves (n=10) did not differ significantly. Based on results obtained in each calf, the examined population was divided into 2 groups: in 7 calves a decrease of antipyrine half-life and an increase of metabolic clearance during the day were confirmed. The observed changes increased with the age of the examined calves. A different phenomenon was observed in 3 calves - antipyrine elimination from plasma was faster during the night. Also in this case observed changes increased with the age of the calves. The initial concentration of antipyrine and the distribution coefficient did not differ significantly between day and night.
The corpus luteum is an endocrine organ that exhibits extremely rapid growth, development, and regression during the course of each oestrus cycle. At the end of the luteal phase there is an orderly sequence of functional and structural changes in the corpus luteum connected with its regression. This article focuses on selected mechanisms controlling these changes. In these mechanisms, apart from central regulation, the essential role of local monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells is stressed, as well as intercellular interactions. The research of the last years shows that corpus luteum regression is related to apoptosis. The functional changes that have been initialized by prostaglandin F2 are accompanied by the activation of immunological system cells, which while relieving cytokines work like local regulators in remodeling the corpus luteum. Consequently, metabolic changes, the disappearance of luteal tissue and the final expiration of progesterone production occur.
In the experiment carried out on 15 lowland black and white cows aged 2—3 years in the 4—5th month of lactation a possibility of measurement a biotransformative activity of the liver (activity of microsomal monooxygenase connected with cytochrome P-450; MMO-P-450) on the basis of antipyrine (phenazone) elimination rate from milk was examined. Antipyrine was applied intravenously at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw. Blood and milk samples were collected before 0 time and after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after administration of the test solution. The values of antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters (Co-initial concentration, V₄-volume of distribution, ∆'-coefficient of distribution, k-constant elimination rate, t₀.₅-half life, ClĄ-metabolic clearance) calculated on the basis of antipyrine concentrations changes in plasma and milk were very similar and the observed differences were not significant. The obtained data showed that in cows is possible to determine precisely the activity of enzymatic system MMO-P-450 and hence consequently the rate of liver biotransformation on the basis of antipyrine elimination rate from milk.
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