The unstable DNA sequence in the FMR1 gene was analyzed in 85 individuals from Polish families with fragile X syndrome in order to characterize mutations responsible for the disease in Poland. In all affected individuals classified on the basis of clinical features and expression of the fragile site at X(q27.3) a large expansion of the unstable sequence (full mutation) was detected. About 5% (2 of 43) of individuals with full mutation did not express the fragile site. Among normal alleles, ranging in size from 20 to 41 CGG repeats, allele with 29 repeats was the most frequent (37%). Transmission of premutated and fully mutated alleles to the offspring was always associated with size increase. No change in repeat number was found when normal alleles were transmitted.
The objective of this work was to find out whether alcoholics undergoing therapy are considered rightful members of society. We also examined the attitudes of society toward the alcoholic’s family. Alcoholism is a specific disorder. Alcohol-addicted persons deny their illness and often engage their closest surrounding in the denial system. They also find in the society a specific margin of consent to drink. Research shows that treated alcoholics believe the society has a low level of knowledge concerning alcohol addiction. They fear the perspective of going back to work or finding a new job after finishing therapy. Studies done among the inhabitants of the mountainous Podhale Region in Poland show that a high percentage of people are convinced that one should be ashamed of being an alcoholic and many would feel awkward in the presence of a sober alcoholic. The people declare that they would not trust a person being treated because of the addiction and name professions that alcoholics should not work in. The spouse of an alcoholic is often blamed for the addiction, and children of alcoholics are perceived as people with worse life perspectives than their peers.
This paper describes the retro-innovations and their importance for customers in the family life cycle. The accelerated rate of technological and social change left people disconnected and suffering from stress. The majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. New products and services are designed to connect us with the past in ways that are nostalgic, interactive and environmental. This can be called an example of a unique kind of innovation – new technologies, new products or experiences that are designed around connecting us with the past that is nostalgic. Something called Retro Innovation.
Albanian society differs from the rest of Europe. It is dominated by the present form of a traditional institution, the patrilineal family, which has evolved over time. Networks of family and kin fulfil several functions undertaken elsewhere by a range of institutions. This structure limits possibilities for women, but it is also a major resource. The changes since 1990, one of the most important being land privatisation, have given rural households more autonomy and, on balance, have had an empowering effect for women, though at the cost of increasing their work and responsibility. Not all changes have been to womens advantage. In the public sector cuts and shortages have disproportionately affected women, and their representation in political fora has greatly declined.
The presented study takes up the issues of migration for economic purposes experienced by rural population coming from two Podhale districts: Czarny Dunajec and Poronin and focuses on social and economic consequences of this phenomenon – both in its positive and negative aspect. The research was conducted on a 90-people sample of adult inhabitants of the districts by means of a survey questionnaire. It was addressed to people who directly (emigrated themselves) or indirectly (due to emigration of a member of the closest family) experienced migration for economic purposes. Analyzing the economic effects of migration, it is essential to pay attention to the improvement of the situation of families (increasing the standard and quality of life) and loss posed by the outfl ow of labour. Among the social consequences of migration in both municipalities is diffi cult to identify those that can provide a signifi cant adverse change in the social structure and the functioning of migrant families – for this state of affairs is infl uenced mainly by regular, working abroad and short-term migrations.
Background. There are numerous benefits of undertaking regular physical activity on health. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends for young people to undertake at least 60 minutes of moderately intense physical activity daily. Despite the well-known health benefits of exercise, the levels of physically inactive young people are continuously increasing. A large number of studies have found a relationship between socio-economic status and chronic disease. The aim of our study was to examine: the association between family socio-economic status and adolescent physical activity and also to assess the link between social support and adolescents’ physical activity and finally to examine whether there are any gender differences. Material and methods. There were 3396 final year secondary school students from 33 randomly selected secondary schools from Zagreb included in our study. The study was conducted from April 2015 to June 2016. Physical activity was measured using a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Socio-economic status and family social support was assessed using questionnaires. Results. Boys were significantly more physically active than girls. The results of the logistic regression analysis did not determine a statistically significant association between the socioeconomic status and physical activity of the participants. Conclusions. Family social support and socio-economic status were not positively related to physical activity in Croatian adolescents.
Background. Diet-related diseases have their origin as early as in childhood; therefore, preventing them should start from the first years of life. Each assessment of dietary intake should be preceded by assessment of health status indices, especially familial diet-related diseases prevalence. Objective. The objective of this study was to analyse selected indices of health status in preschool children from Pila and their families in order to assess the risk of developing diet-related diseases. Material and methods. The studied population comprised 128 children aged 4 to 6 years, 63 girls and 65 boys, who attended two preschools in Pila. Parents filled in questionnaires concerning selected indices of health status of the children and their families. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 computer programme. The studied children were divided according to gender. Results. Statistically significantly higher percentage of boys than girls took medicines, 41.5% vs 21.0%. As many as 49.6% of mothers and 33.1% of fathers had higher education and most of the parents assessed the economic status of the family either as good or very good. Most of the studied children took dietary supplements. The highest percentage of both girls and boys, 34.2% and 33.8%, respectively, took vitamin and mineral supplements. The prevalence of familial diet-related diseases ranged from 3.2% in the case of hyperlipidaemia to 65.6% in the case of hypertension. Conclusions. The high percentage of the studied preschoolers who took dietary supplements shows the need to educate parents about the adverse effects of excessive intake of these nutrients and about the necessity to take such supplements only on recommendation of the paediatrician. The analysed indices of health status of the studied children and their families show the need to pay much attention to balanced diet and daily physical activity in order to prevent diet-related diseases in the studied preschoolers and their families.
The high infant mortality rate in Poland is influenced primarily by an excessive number of low-weight births, which are most often associated with prematurity. Among important causes of premature, we have to name economic situation, women' health condition during progenitive period and also their vices. Patients and methods. 100 questionnaires, obtained from the parents preterm children during hospitalization in the Deparment of Paediatric Propedeutics by the years 1995-1998, were analysed. The following data were collected: number and course of gestation (and also vices) and delivery, data about sibilings, data about parents (age, place of birth, origin, place of residence, level of education, profession) and apartment's conditions. Results. We obtained results: the great percentage of mothers presented pathology of gestation period: young mothers - 18%, teenage mothers 5.5%, with body weight deficit (Body Mass Index <19) - 26%, smoking cigarettes - 25%. The majority number of families had bad apartments' condition. Conclusions. The high rate of mothers of preterm babies presented pathology of pregnancies.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected socio-economic and demographic determinants (the number of children in the family, father's education, standard of living, sex and age) on the pattern of consumption in adolescents occupying rural areas of the central-eastern Poland The study included 564 boys and 548 girls 10-15-years-old. Data on the socio-economic status and dietary habits were collected by means of a diagnostic survey. Dietary habits were determined based on a single 24-hour recall. Results obtained were compared with the RDA for Polish people. The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the pattern of consumption were determined with the use of cluster analysis. The adolescents examined were classified into five homogenous clusters each of which corresponded to a specific pattern of consumption. It was demonstrated that standard of living and the father's education exerted a significant effect on the pattern of consumption in adolescents examined. This effect was hot indicated for the number of children in the family, age and sex.