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In the course of myopia many anatomical changes in the structure of the eyeball take place. These changes surface during early childhood. It is unclear if these changes form during the stage of foetal life. The aim of the paper was to examine whether changes which predestine to the formation of myopia occur during the prenatal period. 26 eyeballs of humans aged between 4 and 8 months of foetal life, fixed in a 10% solution of formalin were examined. The axial, equatorial and corneal dimensions were measured with Vernier calipers. The data were elaborated statistically by the Student t test, the significance level being p < 0.05. It was observed that in the course of maturation the axial length, equatorial and corneal diameter of the foetal eye increase. It was also observed that the dimensions of the eyeball expand symmetrically in all directions. This indicates that there is no predisposition to the development of myopia in the period of prenatal life.
The aim of the study was to determine the presence of the equine influenza virus (EIV), the equine arteritis virus (EAV), and the equine herpesvirus (EHV) in the conjunctival sac of clinically healthy horses. Fifty horses of both sexes and various breeds and ages were included in the study. Virus isolation was carried out in cell cultures (the Madin-Darby canine kidney, green monkey kidney and rabbit kidney cells) from conjunctival swabs. The hemaglutination assay was carried out in order to identify EI viral amplification. The study revealed no presence of the above listed viruses in the conjunctival sac of clinically healthy horses.
The current study was undertaken to establish reference values of intraocular pressure in clinically normal Turkish Shepherd Dogs with the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) and the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Vet®). Twenty-eight dogs (14 male and 14 female, aged 9 months-9 years, 56 eyes) were used in this study. All animals were healthy and showed no abnormalities in ophthalmic examinations, which consisted of the Schirmer tear test, slit lamp bio-microscopy, and fluorescein staining. The animals were restrained manually without using systemic anesthetics or tranquilizers. IOP was measured in both eyes with a TonoVet® and a Tono-Pen Vet®. In normal dogs, the mean IOP values for all eyes were 17.63 ± 3.34 mmHg according to the TonoVet® and 14.95 ± 2.92 mmHg according to the Tono-Pen Vet®. There was no effect of sex, age, or eye side (right vs. left) on the results obtained with either the TonoVet® or the Tono-Pen Vet®. The mean IOP obtained with the rebound tonometer was 2-3 mmHg higher than that measured with the applanation tonometer. The reference data obtained in the present study may assist in diagnostic testing for ophthalmic diseases in Turkish Shepherd Dogs and may promote further studies in this area.
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of 0.02% tacrolimus ophthalmic drops application for chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) treatment in dogs. The studies included 14 German Shepherd dogs - eight males and six females, aged 2-10 years affected with CSK. The drops were administered to the ocular surface three times a day. Prior to the treatment onset, and after the 5 week medical therapy, an estimation of a conjunctiva redness, ocular discharge, depigmentation of the third eyelid, and blood vessel ingrowth in each corneal quadrant and corneal pigmentation was conducted. The photo images with calibrated grid enabled to calculate the percentage of corneal area surface affected by inflammatory process. Tacrolimus did not exert any irritant effects throughout the treatment. The therapy has led to the decrease in corneal inflammatory infiltrate and blood vessel ingrowth in all the patients. Median corneal area surface affected by the condition showed a statistically significant decrease from 46% to 27% (P<0.01) in case of the left corneas and from 58% to 33% for the right ones. Out of 27 corneas affected by pigmentation, 13 corneas in eight patients exhibited decreased pigmentation. The increased pigmentation was observed on eight corneas in five patients. The studies proved that 0.02% ophthalmic drops of tacrolimus have been effective topically in CSK therapy. A treatment response was observed by reduced granulation tissue and corneal neovascularisation, still in some cases tacrolimus failed to inhibit the pigmentation formation.
The purpose of this study was to broaden the basic knowledge of corneal morphological structures in pigs, cows and rabbits and to find morphological and histological differences in the constituent corneal structures. After slaughter, corneal samples of 24 animals, including cows, pigs and rabbits, were investigated. Forty-eight eyeballs (n = 48) of 8 pigs, 8 cows and 8 rabbits were used for this study. Central corneal thickness (CCT) values in cows were higher than those in pigs (P < 0.001) and rabbits. In rabbits, CCT, as a percentage of the eye axis length, was 55.03% greater than in cows and 40.55% greater than in pigs (P < 0.001). The thickness of substantia propria (stroma) depended on the species and accounted for more than 80% of the thickness of all layers of the cornea. The thickness of the anterior epithelium amounted to 15.81% of the thickness of all layers of the cornea in cows, 11.79% in pigs, and 8.48% in rabbits (P < 0.001). The data analysis showed that the caudal limiting membrane + endothelium was the thinnest layer of the cornea, with thickness ranging from 0.88% to 2.40% of the total thickness of all layers of the cornea in the three species under study (P < 0.001). A statistically significant negative correlation was determined between the anterior epithelium and substantia propria in corneas of cows, pigs and rabbits (P < 0.001). This paper describes the morphometric parameters of the cornea in pigs, cows and rabbits. These parameters will be of use to scientists using animal models in vision science research.
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Iris melanoma in a Labrador Retriever

72%
U psów stosunkowo często spotykamy w gałce ocznej czerniaki. W przeciwieństwie do czerniaków występujących u kotów, u psów rzadko dają one przerzuty. Wczesne wykrycie tego typu zmian w oku zapobiega dalszym komplikacjom. Praca ta przedstawia przypadek czerniaka tęczówki u psa rasy labrador retriever. Początkowo zmianę tęczówki leczono steroidami i antybiotykami. Lecz leczenie to nie przyniosło oczekiwanych rezultatów. Dalsze diagnozowanie (ultrasonografia, gonioskopia) wykazało, że jest to czerniak. Wykonano resekcję części tęczówki. Siedem tygodni po resekcji zmiany, powrócił odruch źreniczny i widzenie. Badanie histopatologiczne wykazało, że usunięta zmiana to melanocytoma.
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"Indolent ulcer" in Boxer

72%
Artykuł przedstawia przypadek leczenia wrzodu rogówki u psa rasy bokser. Wrzód ten określany jest terminem "trudnogojący się" lub "indolent ulcer". Wrzody tego typu są predylekcyjne dla niektórych ras psów. Powstają często spontanicznie i niestety często mogą nawracać. istota choroby polega na oddzielaniu się nabłonka rogówki od jej istoty właściwej. Przyczyną tego może być wada hemidesmosomów, które odpowiadają za przyleganie nabłonka do stromy lub też procesy zwyrodnieniowe stromy rogówki. W obrazie klinicznym, po wybarwieniu rogówki za pomocą fluoresceiny, widoczne jest podciekanie barwnika pod warstwy rogówki. Istnieje kilka metod leczenia tego typu owrzodzenia. wymienić należy; keratotomię, powierzchowną keratektomię, chirurgiczne usunięcie martwego nabłonka rogówki. Leczeniu chirurgicznemu zawsze towarzyszy leczenie farmakologiczne. W naszym przypadku u psa zastosowaliśmy leczenie za pomocą keratotomii kratkowej skojarzonej z leczeniem farmakologicznym.
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